Data from the InterLACE consortium indicate that in the General female population of countries, premature ovarian failure (POF) is 2%, and early menopause is 7.6%. The use of hormonal contraception can mask this disease for a long time. Therefore, most often the only chance of pregnancy is egg donation. This literature review provides up-to-date information about genetic and molecular basis, risk factors, etiology, and pathogenesis of POF. The main signaling pathways and such new treatment options as activation of residual inactive follicles in vitro (IVA), stem cell transplantation or whole ovary with cryopreservation are considered. This can predict the age at which women at risk of POF will enter premature menopause, and suggest a rational treatment option or prevention of ovarian depletion, by cryopreservation of the oocyte, followed by thawing and use in assisted reproductive technologies at the appropriate age