Cholinergic system of mediation is the most prevalent in the human body. Acetylcholine provides interaction of neurons in the central nervous system and transmission of nerve impulses from the peripheral neurons to the effectors. The results of the recent studies have demonstrated the significance of cholinergic system dysfunction in development of different neurological diseases. Cholinesterase inhibitors are among the most common drugs used in treatment of this pathology. This review is dwelling upon the features of cholinesterase inhibitors and their practical application in treatment of the nervous system`s vascular pathology.