By analyzing the published works, the authors consider the factors influencing the birth rates in modern Russia that has plunged into another birth rate crisis since 2017. There are a number of factors that influence the trend in birth rates: a decline in the number of reproductive-aged women; an increase in the age of a primipara female; a change in the role of a family and a woman in society and in that of a child in the family; career aspirations of modern women; urbanization; a trend towards smaller families; abortions; the introduction of effective contraceptive methods; low family income; poor housing conditions; hard physical labor of some working women. There are increases in illegitimate birth rates, frequency of civil marriages, and monoparenthood. During pre-abortion counseling, a psychologist and an obstetrician/gynecologist have the opportunity to influence the reproductive choice of women. The volunteer movement of medical students helps to form young people’s attitude to abortion rejection as a method of reproductive behavior. To increase the birth rate, the priority of state policy should be propaganda of family values and support for motherhood and childhood.