The objective of the present study was the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the application of synthetic and xenogenic osteoplastic materials for maxillary alveolar bone augmentation before dental implantation based on the results of histological investigations. The material for the study was bone tissue biopsies obtained with the use of a trephine at the stage of installation of the dental implants. The 4-5 micron sections prepared with a microtome were examined under a light microscope. The results of the study gave evidence of the formation of the endogenous bone tissue instead of the osteoplastic material in both the experimental and the control groups of the patients. The application of the xenogenic materials (control group) resulted in the practically complete filling of the defects by the newly formed bone tissue within 6 months after the onset of the treatment. The application of synthetic materials (experimental group) was followed by the localization of the regenerate bone largely at the peripheral part of the defect within the same period. Nevertheless, the quality of the bone regenerate made it possible to install dental implants 6 months after the sinus lifting and augmentation. It is concluded that the application of synthetic substitutes of the bone tissue can be recommended as the method of choice for the maxillary alveolar bone augmentation prior to dental implantation.