Aim — the objective of the present study was to estimate the effectiveness and the safety of the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis with the use of rivaroxaban and  to compare them with the same characteristics of  the standard scheme for the administration of low molecular weight heparins and the subsequent long-term intake of vitamin K antagonists under the conditions of routine clinical practice. Material and methods. We carried out a prospective observational comparative study with the use of the historical control group. The latter was comprised of 96 patients at the age varying from 26 to 93 years with proximal venous thrombosis in 58.3% of the cases that had been included in the observational program before August 2013. These patients had received the standard treatment. The main group consisted of 147 patients at the age from 25 to 101 years presenting with proximal thrombosis in 64.6% of the cases who had participated in the study since August 2013. These patients were given therapy using low molecular weight heparins during 1.9±1.2 days with subsequent long-term oral intake of rivaroxaban. Results. The overall recurrence rate of venous thrombosis was not significantly different between the two groups and was estimated at 0.7% (95% CI: 0.1—3.8) among the patients given rivaroxaban compared with 3.1% (95% CI: 1.1—8.8) in the patients treated with vitamin K antagonists (p=0.34). The total frequency of development of hemorrhagic complications proved to be 10,2% (95% CI: 6,3—16,2) in the main group versus 12,5% (95% CI: 7,3—20,6) in the control group; the difference was statistically insignificant (p=0,73). Conclusion. The effect of the long-term anticoagulation therapy of venous thrombosis with rivaroxaban under the conditions of routine clinical practice is not significantly different in terms of effectiveness and safety from that of the standard treatment modality using vitamin K antagonists.