
Расстройства равновесия у детей с нарушениями слуха: распространенность, современные возможности диагностики и реабилитации
Журнал: Вестник оториноларингологии. 2025;90(5):77-85.
DOI: 10.17116/otorino20259005177
Прочитано: 1951 раз
Резюме
Обзор посвящен проблеме нарушений равновесия у детей с тугоухостью. Функция равновесия реализуется тремя системами: зрительной, соматосенсорной и вестибулярной и играет большую роль в развитии детского организма. Критический период развития вестибулярной системы — до появления первых самостоятельных шагов ребенка, а всей системы равновесия — с 4 до 6 лет. По разнородным данным, у детей с сенсоневральной тугоухостью вестибулярные нарушения встречаются с частотой от 8% до 85% без корреляции со степенью снижения слуха. Установлено, что нарушения равновесия в сочетании с тугоухостью ограничивают различные аспекты развития ребенка: овладение моторными и когнитивными навыками, обучение, спорт и физическую активность, письмо, чтение, коммуникацию, социализацию. В современной клинической практике в целом сформировано понятие об алгоритме диагностики расстройств равновесия у детей разного возраста. Методы должны быть адаптированы под уровень развития ребенка, иметь высокую информативность, а их результаты должны дополнять друг друга. Разрабатываются подходы к вестибулярному скринингу у детей с верифицированной тугоухостью. Данные об изменениях функции равновесия у детей после кохлеарной имплантации разноречивы: в ближайшем послеоперационном периоде у ряда пациентов имеется транзиторная вестибулопатия, в то время как в отдаленном периоде наблюдается положительная динамика в состоянии функции равновесия. Обсуждаются возможности вестибулярной тренировки как элемента комплексной реабилитации детей с нарушениями слуха посредством развития нейропластичности в трех направлениях: адаптации, габитуации и замещения. Необходимы исследования эффективности различных подходов к реабилитации нарушений равновесия у детей с тугоухостью.
Ключевые слова
- вестибулярные нарушения
- нарушения равновесия
- сенсоневральная тугоухость у детей
- вестибулярная реабилитация
Дата поступления: 23.05.2024
Дата принятия в печать: 15.04.2025
Дата публикации: 10.11.2025
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