The development of carious lesions in the permanent teeth of the children is characterized by a number of specific features which should be known and taken into consideration when planning the treatment and prevention of the disease. It has been definitively proved that all permanent teeth erupt while the process of their enamel mineralization is yet incomplete. The enamel becomes mature within 2-3 years after tooth eruption mostly due to the remineralization potency of saliva. Long-term hypomineralization of the tooth hard tissue especially in fissures is the main pathogenetic factor responsible for the development of caries in the childhood. It is known that the application of orthophosphoric acid for the treatment of caries in hypomineralized teeth leads to excessive decalcination of their hard tissue and increases the risk of development of secondary carious lesions under the fillings. It makes highly promising for pediatric dentistry the use of sparing self-etching systems and prophylactic filling materials (dental compomers).