In 2009-2010, the Russian Federation set up a radically new structure in the country's medical prevention system, namely health centers for adults and those for children. The paper presents the work results of the country's health centers in 2009-2012 for the first time. The results of examinations in the health centers suggest that both the adults and, unfortunately, the children have increased risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD). The proportion of people with risk factors among those who had first visited the adult health centers was 74.8% in 2010, 84.5% in 2011, and 84.9% in 2012. That was slightly lower in the pediatric population; however, more than half of the children who had first come to the health centers had risk factors: 55.1% in 2010, 72.4% in 2011, and 71.6% in 2012. Today, it is obvious that the setting up of the new prophylactic structure in 2009-2010 was an imperative step to prevent NCD and to form a healthy lifestyle, especially taking into account the fact that the medical prevention structure that must include a medical prevention center(s) and departments/units/rooms was per se absent or not fully represented in a significant number of subjects of the Russian Federation.