More and more women regularly participate in sports, which is a significant factor in improving both quality and life expectancy. However, over the past decades there has been an increase in the number of women in professional sports and sports that require maximum endurance (ultramarathons, “ironman” triathlon, and so on), which makes it relevant to study the issue of the long-term effect of these types of activity on various functions of the female body. In foreign literature, the issues of the influence of intense physical exertion on menstrual function in a group of professional athletes and dancers are rather widely covered. The vast majority of researchers come to the conclusion about the negative impact of intense physical activity on the age of menarche and the regularity of menstruation. The prevalence of menstrual dysfunction among athletes according to different authors reaches more than 50% and depends on the sport. Among menstrual irregularities, oligo- and amenorrhea predominate. In sports where low body weight is an important factor in high performance, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea can form against the background of a deficit in energy intake. The criteria for making such a diagnosis are a menstrual cycle of more than 45 days or amenorrhea for 3 months or more, accompanied by a low level of gonadotropins with the exception of the anatomical and organic causes of amenorrhea, including pregnancy. In sports where strength is important rather than low body weight, the mechanisms for developing menstrual dysfunction may be different and are associated with hyperandrogenism. However, it is the “relative energy deficiency in sport” (RED-S) syndrome that is the most common cause of the development of the “female athlete triad”, which includes inadequate energy intake with or without malnutrition, menstrual dysfunction, and decreased mineral density of bone tissue. In severe cases, clinical eating disorders, amenorrhea and osteoporosis develop. These conditions are reversible, but require adequate therapy, the duration of which can be 12 and more than months. In spite of the fact that hormone replacement therapy is often used to correct menstrual irregularities, nonpharmacological treatment, such as changing the diet, increasing its calorie content and decreasing the training load, are the cornerstone of the correction of this condition. Increase in the awareness of doctors, trainers and athletes themselves, effective screening measures of menstrual dysfunction are also important.