The paper shows the major milestones of the life and work of Guillaume Dupuytren, a scientist, a representative of the anatomical and physiological direction. The researcher believed that surgery should be developed based on the achievements of anatomy and physiology. In 1819, G. Dupuytren first described medial ankle fracture that occurs during overpronation, as well as supramalleolar fracture of the fibula with ligament rupture of the distal tibiofibular joint and with subluxation or luxation the foot outwards (Dupuytren’s fracture), and later depicted this fracture concurrent with tibiofibular articulation rupture, tibial separation, and foot subluxation outwards (Dupuytren’s fracture-dislocation). The scientist studied in detail digital contracture caused by shrinkage in palmar aponeurosis (Dupuytren’s contracture), and in 1831 he successfully performed the world’s first operation (Dupuytren’s operation). He was among the first to develop a procedure for reducing chronic dislocations, proposed operations that become widely known: resection of the mandible; subcutaneous transection of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; ligation of the iliac and subclavian arteries; surgery involving longitudinal bisection of the ingrown toenail and subsequent removal of its each half; surgery for vaginal aplasia (Dupuytren’s colpopoiesis method). The scientist described the free movement of the femoral head up and down in congenital hip dislocation (Dupuytren’s symptom). Dupuytren’s symptom, or a parchment crackle symptom, a crackling sensation when pushing the swelling bone wall of the alveolar process or the upper jaw, is observed in radicular or follicular cyst of the tooth, as well as in some benign tumors of the jaw. The French surgeon proposed a new classification of burns at that time, distinguishing 6 degrees of similar tissue damage. He created surgical instruments for spur crushing when closing an external intestinal fistula (Dupuytren’s enterotrib); a handless intestinal clamp (Dupuytren—Blasius’s clamp). The talented researcher, surgeon, and traumatologist Guillaume Dupuytren will stay forever in the hearts of his followers.