The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Ivina A.A.

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia;
Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery

Rodionov V.E.

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN university)

Babichenko I.I.

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia;
Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery

Clinical and morphological features of oral leukoplakia

Authors:

Ivina A.A., Rodionov V.E., Babichenko I.I.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology. 2020;82(4): 79‑83

DOI: 10.17116/patol20208204179

Read: 5582 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA
CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA

To cite this article:

Ivina AA, Rodionov VE, Babichenko II. Clinical and morphological features of oral leukoplakia. Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology. 2020;82(4):79‑83. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20208204179

Подписка 2026 Архив патологии (Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology)
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Microsatellite instability as a possible diagnostic marker of the gastric mucosa dysplasia. Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology. 2025;(3):5-16
Non-invasive auto­mated methods for the diagnosis of periorbital skin tumors. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2024;(5):137-145
Features of the clinical course of biological subtypes of squamous cell oropharyngeal carcinoma. P.A. Herzen Journal of Onco­logy. 2025;(1):58-62
Diagnosis and treatment of three synchronous early squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus: case report. Russian Journal of Evidence-Based Gastroenterology. 2025;(1):104-110
Mali­gnization of sino­nasal inve­rted papi­lloma: lite­rature review and clinical case. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2025;(2):83-87
Abstract:

The review is devoted to modern perspectivesof the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognostic factors of oral leukoplakia. The review describes modern non-invasive methods for detecting neoplasia in leukoplakia, such as optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence stomatoscopy, etc. Comparison is made of the national and foreign classification of leukoplakia. The article reviewedthe traditional and binary gradation systems of oral epithelial dysplasiaand a new term «differentiated dysplasia» in leukoplakia. A poorly studied type of leukoplakia with an aggressive clinical course, a high recurrence rate and a high probability of malignancy — proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is analyzed in detail. Considering the fact that up to date there are many open questions regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment characteristics of various types of oral leukoplakia, there is an urgent need for further more detailed study of this pathology.

Keywords:

leukoplakia
epithelial dysplasia
proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
squamous cell carcinoma

Authors:

Ivina A.A.

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia;
Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery

Rodionov V.E.

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN university)

Babichenko I.I.

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia;
Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery

Received:

19.02.2020

Accepted:

20.04.2020

Close metadata

References:

  1. EI-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PJ, eds. WHO classification of head and neck tumours. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC; 2017.
  2. Harrell PT, Simmons VN, Correa JB, Padhya TA, Brandon TH. Electronic nicotine delivery systems («e-cigarettes»): review of safety and smoking cessation efficacy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;151(3):381-393.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599814536847
  3. Bagan JV, Jiménez-Soriano Y, Diaz-Fernandez JM, Murillo-Cortés J, Sanchis-Bielsa JM, Poveda-Roda R, Bagan L. Malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia to oral squamous cell carcinoma: a series of 55 cases. Oral Oncol. 2011;47(8):732-735.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.05.008
  4. Orekhova LYu, Kudryavtseva TV, Cheminava NR, Tachalov VV, Loboda ES. Problems of dental health in young people (literature review). Parodontologiya. 2014;19(2):3-5. (In Russ.).
  5. Iskakova MK, Zarkumova AE, Nurmukhambetova GK. Udel’nyi ves zabolevanii slizistoi obolochki polosti rta sredi chasto vstrechayushchikhsya stomatologicheskikh zabolevanii. Vestnik Kazakhskogo Natsional’nogo meditsinskogo universiteta. 2018;(1):188-192. (In Russ.).
  6. Khan Z, Khan S, Christianson L, Rehman S, Ekwunife O, Samkange-Zeeb F. Smokeless tobacco and oral potentially malignant disorders in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;20(1):12-21.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw310
  7. Staines K, Rogers H. Oral leukoplakia and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a review for dental practitioners. Br Dent J. 2017; 223(9):655-661.  https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.881
  8. Hamdoon Z, Jerjes W, Upile T, McKenzie G, Jay A, Hopper C. Optical coherence tomography in the assessment of suspicious oral lesions: an immediate ex vivo study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013;10(1):17-27.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.07.005
  9. Mezhevikina GS, Glukhova EA. Modern diagnostic methods precancerous and cancerous changes of the oral mucosa. Science of the young (EruditioJuvenium/Nauka (EruditioJuvenium). 2018;6(4):600-606. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23888/HMJ201864600-606
  10. Borovskii EV, Mashkilleyson AL. Zabolevaniya slizistoi obolochki polosti rta I gub. M.: Meditsina; 2001. (In Russ.).
  11. Ivina AA, Semkin VA, Rabinovich OF, Babichenko II. To the question of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia malignant potential. Archive of Pathology/Arkhiv patologii. 2020;82(3):13-17. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20208203113
  12. Van der Waal I. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4-5):317-323.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.016
  13. Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia; a proposal for simplification and consistency of the clinical classification and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019;24(6):799-803.  https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.23372
  14. Weber M, Wehrhan F, Baran C. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia is associated with macrophage polarization. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):11.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02191-0
  15. Munde A, Karle R. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: an update. J Cancer Res Ther. 2016;12(2):469-473.  https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.151443
  16. Ivina AA. Modern perspectives of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Archive of Pathology/Arkhiv patologii. 2020;82(3):55-60. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20208203155
  17. Warnakulasuriya S, Ariyawardana A. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a systematic review of observational studies. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(3):155-166.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12339
  18. Soares AB, Perschbacher K, Perez-Ordonez. Oral potentially malignant disorders. Diagn Histopathol. 2018;24(5):161-165.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpdhp.2018.03.005
  19. Liu W, Shi LJ, Wu L, Feng JQ, Yang X, Li J, Zhou ZT, Zhang CP. Oral cancer development in patients with leukoplakia clinicopathological factors affecting outcome. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34773. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034773
  20. Mehanna HM, Rattay T, Smith J, McConkey CC. Treatment and follow-up of oral dysplasia — a systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck. 2009;31(12):1600-1609. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.21131
  21. Wils LJ, Poell JB, Evren I, Koopman MS, Brouns EREA, de Visscher JGAM, Brakenhoff RH, Bloemena E. Incorporation of differentiated dysplasia improves prediction of oral leukoplakia at increased risk of malignant progression. Mod Pathol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-019-0444-0
  22. Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman S Jr. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long-term study of thirty patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(3):285-298.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(85)90313-5
  23. Rintala M, Vahlberg T, Salo T, Rautava J. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its tumour markers: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck. 2019;41(5):1499-1507. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.25569
  24. Gupta RK, Rani N, Joshi B. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia misdiagnosed as oral leukoplakia. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2017;21(6):499-502. 
  25. Pentenero M, Meleti M, Vescovi P, Gandolfo S. Oral proliferative verrucous leucoplakia: are there particular features for such an ambiguous entity? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2014; 170(5):1039-1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12853
  26. Borgna SC, Clarke PT, Schache AG, Lowe D, Ho MW, McCarthy CE, Adair S, Field EA, Field JK, Holt D, Risk JM, Rajlawat BP, Triantafyllou A, Shaw RJ. Management of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: justification for a conservative approach. Head Neck. 2017;39(10):1997-2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24845
  27. Akrish S, Eskander-Hashoul L, Rachmiel A, Ben-Izhak O. Clinicopathologic analysis of verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as part of the clinicopathologic spectrum of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: A literature review and analysis. Pathol Res Pract. 2019;215(12):152670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2019.152670
  28. Cheng YSL, Rees T, Wright J. A review of research on salivary biomarkers for oral cancer detection. Clin Transl Med. 2014;3(1):3.  https://doi.org/10.1186/2001-1326-3-3
  29. Batsakis JG, Suarez P, el-Naggar AK. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its related lesions. Oral Oncol. 1999;35(4):354-359.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(99)00007-X
  30. Gillenwater AM, Vigneswaran N, Fatani H, Saintigny P, El-Naggar AK. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity! Adv Anat Pathol. 2013;20(6):416-423.  https://doi.org/10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1
  31. Carrard VC, Brouns ER, van der Waal I. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia; a critical appraisal of the diagnostic criteria. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(3):411-413.  https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.18912
  32. Ghazali N, Bakri MM, Zain RB. Aggressive, multifocal oral verrucous leukoplakia: proliferative verrucous leukoplakia or not? J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32(7):383-392.  https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00180.x
  33. Cerero-Lapiedra R, Baladé-Martínez D, Moreno-López LA, Esparza-Gómez G, Bagán JV. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: A proposal for diagnostic criteria. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(6):839-845.  https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.15.e839
  34. Lopez MA, Feio P, Santos-Silva AR, Vargas PA. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia may initially mimic lichenoid reactions. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(10):861-863.  https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v3.i10.861
  35. Arduino PG, Bagan J, El-Naggar AK, Carrozzo M. Urban legends series: oral leukoplakia. Oral Dis. 2013;19(7):642-659.  https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12065
  36. Shear M, Pindborg JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer. 1980;46(8):1855-1862. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19801015)46:8<1855::AID-CNCR2820460825>3.0.CO;2-%23 "> 3.0.CO;2-%23" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19801015)46:8<1855::AID-CNCR2820460825>3.0.CO;2-%23
  37. Shah A, Desai RS, Shirsat P, Bansal S, Prasad P. Verrucous dysplasia or verrucous hyperplasia: Clarity in terminology. Oral Oncol. 2020;100:104457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104457
  38. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MNA, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM. A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. Head Neck Pathol. 2018;12(4):500-510.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-018-0893-7
  39. Lodi G, Franchini R, Warnakulasuriya S, Varoni EM, Sardella A, Kerr AR, Carrassi A, MacDonald LC, Worthington HV. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(7):CD001829. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001829.pub4
  40. Woo SB. Oral epithelial dysplasia and premalignancy. Head Neck Pathol. 2019;13(3):423-439.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-019-01020-6
  41. Capella DL, Gonçalves JM, Abrantes AAA, Grando LJ, Daniel FI. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: diagnosis, management and current advances. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;83(5):585-593.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.12.005
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.