The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Maksimova M.Yu.

Research Center of Neurology

Sharov M.N.

Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov

Zaitsev A.V.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Tynterova A.M.

Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University

Prokofyeva Yu.S.

Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry

Rachin A.P.

National Research Medical Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology

Rachin S.A.

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University

Genital pain syndromes and sexual pain disorders

Authors:

Maksimova M.Yu., Sharov M.N., Zaitsev A.V., Tynterova A.M., Prokofyeva Yu.S., Rachin A.P., Rachin S.A.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Journal of Pain. 2021;19(4): 60‑64

DOI: 10.17116/pain20211904160

Read: 2712 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

GENITAL PAIN SYNDROMES AND SEXUAL PAIN DISORDERS
GENITAL PAIN SYNDROMES AND SEXUAL PAIN DISORDERS

To cite this article:

Maksimova MYu, Sharov MN, Zaitsev AV, Tynterova AM, Prokofyeva YuS, Rachin AP, Rachin SA. Genital pain syndromes and sexual pain disorders. Russian Journal of Pain. 2021;19(4):60‑64. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/pain20211904160

Подписка 2025 Российский журнал боли (Russian Journal of Pain)
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Dysfunctional pelvic pain in women. Russian Journal of Pain. 2025;(2):32-37
Psychoemotional state and sexual function in women with chro­nic pelvic pain in geni­tal endo­metriosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(10):5-15
Abstract:

Genital pain syndromes and sexual pain disorders is an actual multidisciplinary problem of modern clinical medicine. Unclear diagnostic criteria, multifactorial pathogenesis and no phenotyping of some diseases according to the UPOINT classification require more thorough interdisciplinary and personalized approach to diagnosis and therapy.

Keywords:

chronic pelvic pain
vulvodynia
sexual pain disorders

Authors:

Maksimova M.Yu.

Research Center of Neurology

Sharov M.N.

Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov

Zaitsev A.V.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Tynterova A.M.

Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University

Prokofyeva Yu.S.

Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry

Rachin A.P.

National Research Medical Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology

Rachin S.A.

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University

Received:

26.07.2021

Accepted:

28.08.2021

Close metadata

References:

  1. Liu LF, Wang L, Lu TF, Qi L, Zu XB. UPOINT: a novel phenotypic classification system for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2012;18(5):441-445. PMID: 22741445.
  2. Magri V, Wagenlehner F, Perletti G, Schneider S, Marras E, Naber KG, Weidner W. Use of the UPOINT chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome classification in European patient cohorts: sexual function domain improves correlations. J Urol. 2010;184(6):2339-2345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.025
  3. Rachin SA, Sharov MN, Zaitsev AV, Tynterova AM, Nuvakhova MB, Prokofyeva YuS, Parsamyan RR, Maksimova MYu, Rachin AP. Chronic pelvic pain: from correct diagnosis to adequate therapy. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2020;12(2):12-16.  https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2020-2-12-16
  4. Soleymani H, Ismail L, Currie I. GPs should be vigilant for pelvic inflammatory disease. Practitioner. 2011;255(1738):15-18. PMID: 21510504.
  5. Gültaşli NZ, Kurt A, Ipek A, Gümüş M, Yazicioğlu KR, Dilmen G, Taş I. The relation between pelvic varicose veins, chronic pelvic pain and lower extremity venous insufficiency in women. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2006;12(1):34-38. PMID: 16538582.
  6. Wiseman DM. Disorders of adhesions or adhesion-related disorder: monolithic entities or part of something bigger — CAPPS? Semin Reprod Med. 2008;26(4):356-368.  https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1082394
  7. Haefner HK, Collins ME, Davis GD, Edwards L, Foster DC, Hartmann ED, Kaufman RH, Lynch PJ, Margesson LJ, Moyal-Barracco M, Piper CK, Reed BD, Stewart EG, Wilkinson EJ. The vulvodynia guideline. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2005;9(1):40-51.  https://doi.org/10.1097/00128360-200501000-00009
  8. Pukall CF. Primary and secondary provoked vestibulodynia: a review of overlapping and distinct factors. Sex Med Rev. 2016;4(1):36-44.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.012
  9. Harlow BL, Kunitz CG, Nguyen RH, Rydell SA, Turner RM, MacLehose RF Prevalence of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of vulvodynia: population-based estimates from 2 geographic regions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(1):40.e1-40.e8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.09.033
  10. Brotto LA, Yong P, Smith KB, Sadownik LA. Impact of a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program on sexual functioning and dyspareunia. J Sex Med. 2015;12(1):238-247.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12718
  11. Xie Y, Shi L, Xiong X, Wu E, Veasley C, Dade C. Economic burden and quality of life of vulvodynia in the United States. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28:601-608.  https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2012.666963
  12. Sarma AV, Foxman B, Bayirli B, Haefner H, Sobel JD. Epidemiology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an exploratory case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75(5):320-326.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.75.5.320
  13. Edgardh K, Abdelnoor M. Longstanding vulval problems and entry dyspareunia among STD-clinic visitors in Oslo-results from a cross-sectional study. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14(12):796-799.  https://doi.org/10.1258/095646203322556101
  14. Edgardh K, Abdelnoor M. Vulvar vestibulitis and risk factors: a population-based case-control study in Oslo. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87(4):350-354.  https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0250
  15. Nguyen RH, Swanson D, Harlow BL. Urogenital infections in relation to the occurrence of vulvodynia. J Reprod Med. 2009;54(6):385-392. PMID: 19639929.
  16. Morin C, Bouchard C, Brisson J, Fortier M, Blanchette C, Meisels A. Human papillomaviruses and vulvar vestibulitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(5):683-687.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00623-7
  17. Ventolini G, Gygax SE, Adelson ME, Cool DR. Vulvodynia and fungal association: a preliminary report. Med Hypotheses. 2013;81(2):228-230.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.043
  18. Babula O, Bongiovanni AM, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS. Immunoglobulin E antibodies to seminal fluid in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: relation to onset and timing of symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(3):663-667.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2003.09.031
  19. Kahn BS, Tatro C, Parsons CL, Willems JJ. Prevalence of interstitial cystitis in vulvodynia patients detected by bladder potassium sensitivity. J Sex Med. 2010;7(2 Pt 2):996-1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01550.x
  20. Sun Y, Harlow BL. The association of vulvar pain and urological urgency and frequency: findings from a community-based case-control study. International Urogynecology Journal. 2019;30(11):1871-1878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-019-04052-2
  21. Van Rossem R, Meekers D, Gage AJ. Women’s position and attitudes towards female genital mutilation in Egypt: A secondary analysis of the Egypt demographic and health surveys, 1995—2014. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:874.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2203-6
  22. Mohammed GF, Hassan MM, Eyada MM. Female genital mutilation/cutting: will it continue? J Sex Med. 2014;11(11):2756-2763. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12655
  23. Phillips NA, Brown C, Foster D, Bachour C, Rawlinson L, Wan J, Bachmann G. Presenting symptoms among premenopausal and postmenopausal women with vulvodynia: a case series. Menopause. 2015;22(12):1296-1300. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000526
  24. Lecaliar CM, Goetsch MF, Li H, Morgan T. Histopathologic characteristics of menopausal vestibulodynia. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(4):787-793.  https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a5f25f
  25. Mitro SD, Harlow SD, Randolph JF, Reed BD. Chronic vulvar pain in a cohort of post-menopausal women: Atrophy or Vulvodynia? Womens Midlife Health. 2016;2:4.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40695-016-0017-z
  26. Bornstein J, Goldschmid N, Sabo E. Hyperinnervation and mast cell activation may be used as histopathologic diagnostic criteria for vulvar vestibulitis. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2004;58(3):171-178.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000079663
  27. Halperin R, Zehavi S, Vaknin Z, Ben-Ami I, Pansky M, Schneider D. The major histopathologic characteristics in the vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2005;59(2):75-79.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000082112
  28. Hampson JP, Reed BD, Clauw DJ, Bhavsar R, Gracely RH, Haefner HK, Harris RE. Augmented central pain processing in vulvodynia. J Pain. 2013;14(6):579-589.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.767
  29. Medina CA. Clitoral priapism: a rare condition presenting as a cause of vulvar pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(5 Pt 2):1089-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02084-7
  30. Pescatori ES, Engelman JC, Davis G, Goldstein I. Priapism of the clitoris: a case report following trazodone use. J Urol. 1993;149(6):1557-1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36450-9
  31. Graziottin A, Gambini D, Bertolasi L. Genital and sexual pain in women. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;130:395-412.  https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00023-7
  32. Faubion SS, Shuster LT, Bharucha AE. Recognition and management of nonrelaxing pelvic floor dysfunction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(2):187-193.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.09.004
  33. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders — DSM-IV, Forth edition. American Psychiatric Association. Washington, D.C. 1994;886. 
  34. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders — DSM-V, Fifth edition — United States. American Psychiatric Association. 2013;947. 
  35. Lev-Sagie A. Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy: Physiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment Considerations. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015;58(3):476-491.  https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000126
  36. Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD001500. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001500.pub2
  37. Goldstein AT, Marinoff SC, Christopher K, Srodon M. Prevalence of vulvar lichen sclerosus in a general gynecology practice. J Reprod Med. 2005; 50(7):477-480. PMID: 16130842.
  38. Lewis RW, Fugl-Meyer KS, Corona G, Hayes RD, Laumann EO, Moreira ED Jr, Rellini AH, Segraves T. Definitions/epidemiology/risk factors for sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2010;7(4 Pt 2):1598-1607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01778.x
  39. Denny E, Mann CH. Endometriosis-associated dyspareunia: the impact on women’s lives. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2007;33(3):189-193.  https://doi.org/10.1783/147118907781004831
  40. Ballard KD, Seaman HE, de Vries CS, Wright JT. Can symptomatology help in the diagnosis of endometriosis? Findings from a national case-control study — Part 1. BJOG. 2008;115(11):1382-1391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01878.x
  41. Wańczyk-Baszak J, Woźniak S, Milejski B, Paszkowski T. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause treatment using lasers and temperature-controlled radiofrequency. Prz Menopauzalny. 2018;17(4):180-184.  https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2018.81743
  42. Cherner RA, Reissing ED. A comparative study of sexual function, behavior, and cognitions of women with lifelong vaginismus. Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42(8):1605-1614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0111-3
  43. Cherner R, Reissing ED. A psychophysiological investigation of sexual arousal in women with lifelong vaginismus. J Sex Med. 2013;10(5):1291-1303. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12102
  • Nathan HJ, Poulin P, Wozny D, Taljaard M, Smyth C, Gilron I, et al. Randomized trial of the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on pain-related disability, pain intensity, health-related quality of life, and A1C in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Clin Diabetes Publ Am Diabetes Assoc. 2017;35:294-304.  https://doi.org/10.2337/cd17-0077
  • Aamir A, Girach A, Sarrigiannis PG, et al. Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation for the Management of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review. Adv Ther. 2020;37(3):998-1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01231-2
  • Weintraub MI, Herrmann DN, Smith AG, Backonja MM, Cole SP. Pulsed electromagnetic fields to reduce diabetic neuropathic pain and stimulate neuronal repair: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2009;90(7):1102-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.01.019
  • Wróbel MP, Szymborska-Kajanek A, Wystrychowski G, Biniszkiewicz T, Sieroń-Stołtny K, Sieroń A, Pierzchała K, Grzeszczak W, Strojek K. Impact of low frequency pulsed magnetic fields on pain intensity, quality of life and sleep disturbances in patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes & Metabolism. 2008;34(4 Pt 1):349-354.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2008.02.003
  • Magnetic therapy in medical rehabilitation and preventive programs: clinical guidelines. M. 2015:47. 
  • Gupta M, Knezevic NN, Abd-Elsayed A, Ray M, Patel K, Chowdhury B. Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy — A Narrative Review of Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches. Biomedicines. 2021;9(5):573.  https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050573
  • Ferini-Strambi L. Neuropathic Pain and Sleep: A Review. Pain Ther. 2017;6(suppl 1):19-23.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-017-0089-y
  • Vileikyte L, Peyrot M, Gonzalez JS, et al. Predictors of depressive symptoms in persons with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a longitudinal study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(7):1265-1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1363-2
  • Haanpää ML, Gourlay GK, Kent JL, et al. Treatment considerations for patients with neuropathic pain and other medical comorbidities. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(3 suppl):S15-S25.  https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2009.0645
  • Vinik A, Emir B, Cheung R, Whalen E. Relationship between pain relief and improvements in patient function/quality of life in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia treated with pregabalin. Clin Ther. 2013;35(5):612-623.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.03.008
  • Gilron I, Bailey JM, Tu D, Holden RR, Weaver DF, Houlden RL. Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(13):1324-1334. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042580
  • Agathos E, Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, Katsaouni P, Nemtzas I, Petrou A, Papanikolaou C, Tentolouris N. Effect of α-lipoic acid on symptoms and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(5):1779-1790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518756540
  • LeRoith D, Jan Biessels G, Braithwaite SS, Casanueva FF, Draznin B, Halter JB, Hirsch IB, McDonnell ME, Molitch ME, Hassan Murad M, Sinclair AJ. Treatment of Diabetes in Older Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2019;104(5):1520-1574. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00198
  • Berger A, Dukes E, Edelsberg J, Stacey B, Oster G. Use of tricyclic antidepressants in older patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Clin J Pain. 2007;23(3):251-258.  https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31802f67dd
  • Cohen HW, Gibson G, Alderman MH. Excess risk of myocardial infarction in patients treated with antidepressant medications: association with use of tricyclic agents. Am J Med. 2000;108(1):2-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00301-0
  • Pickering G, Martin E, Tiberghien F, Delorme C, Mick G. Localized neuropathic pain: an expert consensus on local treatments. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:2709-2718. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S142630
  • Pham PC, Khaing K, Sievers TM, et al. 2017 update on pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(5):688-697.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfx080
  • Ishida JH, McCulloch CE, Steinman MA, Grimes BA, Johansen KL. Gabapentin and Pregabalin Use and Association with Adverse Outcomes among Hemodialysis Patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(7):1970-1978. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2018010096
  • Davison SN, Koncicki H, Brennan F. Pain in chronic kidney disease: a scoping review. Semin Dial. 2014;27(2):188-204.  https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12196
  • Page RL 2nd, O’Bryant CL, Cheng D, et al. Drugs That May Cause or Exacerbate Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [published correction appears in Circulation. 2016;134(12):e261]. Circulation. 2016;134(6):32-69.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000426
  • Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, Nathan DM, Genuth S, et al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401
  • Linn T, Ortac K, Laube H, Federlin K. Intensive therapy in adult insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and reserve: A randomized, controlled, prospective study over 5 years in newly diagnosed patients. Metabolism. 1996;45(12):1508-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90180-8
  • Callaghan BC, Cheng HT, Stables CL, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and current treatments. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(6):521-534.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70065-0
  • Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2010 Oct 30;376(9751):1466]. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):419-430.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60576-4
  • Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28(2):103-117.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-k
  • Charles M, Ejskjaer N, Witte DR, Borch-Johnsen K, Lauritzen T, Sandbaek A. Prevalence of neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease and the impact of treatment in people with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: The ADDITION-Denmark study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2244-2249. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0903
  • Charles M, Fleischer J, Witte DR, et al. Impact of early detection and treatment of diabetes on the 6-year prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in people with screen-detected diabetes: ADDITION-Denmark, a cluster-randomised study. Diabetologia. 2013;56(1):101-108.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2744-5
  • Singleton JR, Smith AG, Marcus RL. Exercise as Therapy for Diabetic and Prediabetic Neuropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15(12):120.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0682-6
  • Singleton JR, Marcus RL, Jackson JE, K Lessard M, Graham TE, Smith AG. Exercise increases cutaneous nerve density in diabetic patients without neuropathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2014;1(10):844-849.  https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.125
  • Balducci S, Iacobellis G, Parisi L, Di Biase N, Calandriello E, Leonetti F, Fallucca F. Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(4):216-223.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.005
  • Gu Y, Dennis SM, Kiernan MC, Harmer AR. Aerobic exercise training may improve nerve function in type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(2):e3099. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3099
  • Gholami F, Nikookheslat S, Salekzamani Y, Boule N, Jafari A. Effect of aerobic training on nerve conduction in men with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial. Neurophysiol Clin. 2018; 48(4):195-202.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2018.03.001
  • Yoo M, Sharma N, Pasnoor M, Kluding PM. Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Presentations, Mechanisms, and Exercise Therapy. J Diabetes Metab. 2013;(suppl 10):005.  https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.S10-005
  • Miller JD, Carter E, Shih J, Giovinco NA, Boulton AJ, Mills JL, Armstrong DG. How to do a 3-minute diabetic foot exam. J Fam Pract. 2014; 63(11):646-656. Erratum in: J Fam Pract. 2015;64(8):452. PMID: 25362495.
    • Contact the author
    Email
    Message
    The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

    Email Confirmation

    An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

    Email Confirmation

    Contact us
    If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
    Email
    Message
    The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
    Submit Application

    You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

    Name
    Phone
    E-mail
    Message
    Login
    Registration
    E-mail
    Password
    Forgot Password?

    Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

    Password recovery
    E-mail
    Login
    Register

    We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.