The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Khannanova A.N.

Gannushkin Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 4;
Russian Biotechnological University

Brylev L.V.

V.M. Bujanov Moscow Clinical Hospital;
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology

Prusova A.A.

Gannushkin Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 4

Aksenova E.V.

LLC «INVITRO»

Kondrasheva E.A.

LLC «INVITRO»

Kovaleva I.S.

LLC «INVITRO»

Autoimmune encephalitis: psychiatric aspects

Authors:

Khannanova A.N., Brylev L.V., Prusova A.A., Aksenova E.V., Kondrasheva E.A., Kovaleva I.S.

More about the authors

Journal: S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;124(2): 20‑27

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202412402120

Views: 2994

Downloaded: 12

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

To cite this article:

Khannanova AN, Brylev LV, Prusova AA, Aksenova EV, Kondrasheva EA, Kovaleva IS. Autoimmune encephalitis: psychiatric aspects. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;124(2):20‑27. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202412402120

 
МСФ на ЯМ
Close metadata

Autoimmune encephalitis is a group of diseases researched by both neurologists and psychiatrists. Despite a large number of studies and practical recommendations, the differential diagnosis and early diagnostics still remains an important issue. The most difficult to diagnose are cases that debut as mental disorders and/or occur without neurological symptoms. The literature review presents the current state of the problem with an emphasis on the practice of a psychiatrist.

Keywords:

autoimmune encephalitis
autoimmune psychosis
molecular psychiatry

Authors:

Khannanova A.N.

Gannushkin Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 4;
Russian Biotechnological University

Brylev L.V.

V.M. Bujanov Moscow Clinical Hospital;
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology

Prusova A.A.

Gannushkin Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 4

Aksenova E.V.

LLC «INVITRO»

Kondrasheva E.A.

LLC «INVITRO»

Kovaleva I.S.

LLC «INVITRO»

Received:

14.10.2023

Accepted:

30.10.2023

List of references:

  1. Fukata M, Yokoi N, Fukata Y. Neurobiology of autoimmune encephalitis. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2018;48:1-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.07.012
  2. Graus F, Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, et al. Updated diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurology — Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation. 2021;8(4):e1014. https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000001014
  3. Fominykh VV, Frey EA, Brylev LV, Gulyaeva NV. Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Disease of the 21st Century at the Crossroads of Neurology and Psychiatry. Neurochemical Journal. 2018;12(4):311-323. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.1134/s1819712418040037
  4. Varley JA, Strippel C, Handel A, Irani SR. Autoimmune encephalitis: recent clinical and biological advances. Journal of Neurology. 2023;270(8):4118-4131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11685-3
  5. Herken J, Prüss H. Red Flags: Clinical Signs for Identifying Autoimmune Encephalitis in Psychiatric Patients. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2017;16(8):25.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00025
  6. Khannanova AN, Nabiev SR, Fominykh VV, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatric institution (clinical case). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Specvypuski. 2022;122(1-2):49-54. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202212201249
  7. Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RAH, et al. Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. Brain. 2004;127(1):21-33.  https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh008
  8. Graus F, Cordon-Cardo C, Posner JB. Neuronal antinuclear antibody in sensory neuronopathy from lung cancer. Neurology. 1985;35(4):538.  https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.35.4.538
  9. Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, et al. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma. Annals of Neurology. 2005;58(4):594-604.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20614
  10. Vasenina EE, Levin OS, Gan’kina OA, et al. Chimagomedova ASh, Levikov DI. Autoimmune anti-NMDA-R encephalitis. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2017;117(2):110-116. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201711721110-116
  11. Schieveld JNM, Strik JJMH, Van Kraaij S, et al. J. Psychiatric manifestations and psychopharmacology of autoimmune encephalitis: A multidisciplinary approach. Psychopharmacology of Neurologic Disease. 2019;165:285-307.  https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00017-4
  12. Pape K, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Zipp F. Immunoneuropsychiatry — novel perspectives on brain disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2019;15(6):317-328.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0174-4
  13. Al-Diwani A, Handel A, Townsend L, et al. The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(3):235-246.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30001-x
  14. Leypoldt F, Armangue T, Dalmau J. Autoimmune encephalopathies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2015;1338(1):94-114.  https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12553
  15. Endres D, Leypoldt F, Bechter K, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of schizophreniform psychosis: clinical symptomatology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic considerations. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2020;270(7):803-818.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01113-2
  16. Gole S, Anand A. Autoimmune Encephalitis. Statpearls Publishing LLC. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/
  17. Dubey D, Pittock SJ, Kelly CR, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis. Annals of Neurology. 2018;83(1):166-177.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25131
  18. Wandinger KP, Leypoldt F, Junker R. Autoantibody-Mediated Encephalitis. Deutsches Ärzteblatt international. 2018;115(40):666-673.  https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0666
  19. Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NWS, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2010;10(12):835-844.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70222-x
  20. Steiner J, Walter M, Glanz W, et al. Increased prevalence of diverse N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor antibodies in patients with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia: Specific Relevance of IgG NR1a Antibodies for Distinction From N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Glutamate Receptor Encephalitis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(3):271-278.  https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.86
  21. Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, et al. The frequency of autoimmune n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral Etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California encephalitis project. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012;54(7):899-904.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1038
  22. Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(4):391-404.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00401-9
  23. Pruss H, Dalmau J, Harms L, et al. Retrospective analysis of NMDA receptor antibodies in encephalitis of unknown origin. Neurology. 2010;75(19):1735-1739. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181fc2a06
  24. Murashko AA. Mental disorders in autoimmune encephalitis. Social’naja i klinicheskaja psihiatrija. 2021;31(1):74-79. Accessed September 20, 2023. (In Russ.). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/psihicheskie-narusheniya-pri-autoimmunnyh-entsefalitah
  25. Van Sonderen A, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J, Titulaer MJ. The value of LGI1, Caspr2 and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in encephalitis. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2017;13(5):290-301.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.43
  26. Scott JG, Gillis D, Ryan AE, et al. The prevalence and treatment outcomes of antineuronal antibody-positive patients admitted with first episode of psychosis. BJPsych Open. 2018;4(2):69-74.  https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.8
  27. Lennox BR, Palmer-Cooper EC, Pollak T, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of serum neuronal cell surface antibodies in first-episode psychosis: a case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(1):42-48.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30375-3
  28. Pearlman DM, Najjar S. Meta-analysis of the association between N-methyl-daspartate receptor antibodies and schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Schizophrenia Research. 2014;157(1-3):249-258.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.001
  29. Ford H, Griffith S, Warren N, et al. Psychiatric manifestations of autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmunity Review. 2022;21(9):103145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103145
  30. Mueller C, Langenbruch L, Rau JMH, et al. Neuropsychological Performance in Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis: Evidence from an Immunotherapy-Naïve Cohort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2022;37(4):738-752.  https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac001
  31. Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumà J, et al. An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models. The Lancet Neurology. 2019;18(11):1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30244-3
  32. Nakazawa K, Sapkota K. The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020;205:107426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107426
  33. Onitsuka T, Hirano Y, Nakazawa T, et al. Toward recovery in schizophrenia: Current concepts, findings, and future research directions. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2022;76(7):282-291.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13342
  34. Harloff A, Hummel S, Kleinschmidt M, Rauer S. Anti-Ri antibodies and limbic encephalitis in a patient with carcinoid tumour of the lung. Journal of Neurology. 2005;252(11):1404-1405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-005-0841-9
  35. Moon J, Lee ST, Shin JW, et al. Non-stiff anti-amphiphysin syndrome: Clinical manifestations and outcome after immunotherapy. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2014;274(1-2):209-214.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.011
  36. Sun Y, Qin X, Huang D, et al. Anti-amphiphysin encephalitis: Expanding the clinical spectrum. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023;14(2):34-38.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1084883
  37. Smitt PS, Grefkens J, Leeuw B De, et al. Survival and outcome in 73 anti-Hu positive patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis sensory neuronopathy. Journal of Neurology. 2002;249(6):745-753.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-002-0706-4
  38. Shin KJ, Ji YI. Anti-Hu antibody-mediated limbic encephalitis associated with cervical cancer: A case report. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2018;44(6):1181-1184. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13619
  39. Kayser MS, Kohler CG, Dalmau J. Psychiatric Manifestations of Paraneoplastic Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010;167(9):1039-1050. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101547
  40. Ortega Suero G, Sola-Valls N, Escudero D, et al. Anti-Ma and anti-Ma2-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Neurología (English Edition). 2018;33(1):18-27.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.05.004
  41. Maramattom B. Paraneoplastic CRMP-5 basal ganglionitis and limbic encephalitis in an elderly Indian lady. Neurology India. 2013;61(5):534-535.  https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.121941
  42. Ibrahim Ismail I, John JK, Ibrahim M, et al. Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Associated with Anti-CV2/CRMP5 Antibodies Secondary to Thymoma in an Adolescent. Case Reports in Neurology. 2020;12(1):50-55.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000505232
  43. Hao Q, Wang D, Guo L, et al. Clinical characterization of autoimmune encephalitis and psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2017;74:9-14.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.12.006
  44. Vrillon A, Carle G, Berzero G, et al. Psychiatric symptoms in anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated limbic encephalitis in adults: a systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020;119:128-137.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.015
  45. Vincent A, Bien CG, Irani SR, et al. Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS: new developments and future challenges. The Lancet Neurology. 2011;10(8):759-772.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70096-5
  46. Boronat A, Gelfand JM, Gresa-Arribas N, et al. Encephalitis and antibodies to dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6, a subunit of Kv4.2 potassium channels. Annals of Neurology. 2013;73(1):120-128.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23756
  47. Mantere O, Saarela M, Kieseppä T, et al. Anti-neuronal anti-bodies in patients with early psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2018;192:404-407.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.027
  48. Swayne A, Warren N, Prain K, et al. An Australian State-Based Cohort Study of Autoimmune Encephalitis Cases Detailing Clinical Presentation, Investigation Results, and Response to Therapy. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;12:607773. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.607773
  49. Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. The Lancet Neurology. 2008;7(12):1091-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70224-2
  50. Kayser MS, Titulaer MJ, Gresa-Arribas N, et al. Frequency and characteristics of isolated psychiatric episodes in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Neurology. 2013;70(9):1133-1139. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3216
  51. Warren N, Siskind D, O’Gorman C. Refining the psychiatric syndrome of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2018;138(5):401-408.  https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12941
  52. Finke C, Kopp UA, Prüss H, et al. Cognitive deficits following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2012;83(2):195-198.  https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-300411
  53. Van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, et al. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Neurology. 2016;87(14):1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003173
  54. Van Sonderen A, Ariño H, Petit-Pedrol M, et al. The clinical spectrum of Caspr2 antibody-associated disease. Neurology. 2016;87(5):521-528.  https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002917
  55. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health for categories F2. Accessed September 20, 2023. (In Russ.). https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/
  56. Monti G, Giovannini G, Marudi A, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as new onset refractory status epilepticus in COVID-19. Seizure. 2020;81:18-20.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.07.006
  57. Berlit P, Bösel J, Gahn G, et al. «Neurological manifestations of COVID-19» — guideline of the German society of neurology. Neurological Research and Practice. 2020;2(1):51.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00097-7
  58. Correia AO, Feitosa PWG, Moreira JLDS, et al. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronaviruses: a systematic review. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. 2020;37:27-32.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2020.05.008
  59. Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJY, et al. Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors. European Journal of Neurology. 2021;28(10):3491-3502. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14913
  60. Burr T, Barton C, Doll E, et al. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19 infection in a toddler. Pediatric Neurology. 2021;114:75-76.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.10.002
  61. Panariello A, Bassetti R, Radice A, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a psychiatric Covid-19 patient: a case report. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2020;87:179-181.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.054
  62. Sarigecili E, Arslan I, Ucar HK. Et al. Pediatric anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19. Child’s Nervous System. 2021;37(12):3919-3922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-021-05155-2
  63. Allahyari F, Hosseinzadeh R, Nejad JH, et al. A case report of simultaneous autoimmune and COVID-19 encephalitis. Journal of NeuroVirology. 2021;27:504-506.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-021-00978-w
  64. Nabizadeh F, Balabandian M, Sodeifian F, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2022;62:103795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.103795
  65. Dubey D, Kothapalli N, McKeon A, et al. Predictors of neural-specific autoantibodies and immunotherapy response in patients with cognitive dysfunction. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2018;323:62-72.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.009
  66. Dubey D, Pittock SJ, McKeon A. Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy score: Increased specificity and applicability. Epilepsia. 2019;60(2):367-369.  https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14649
  67. Pollak TA, Lennox BR. Time for a change of practice: the real-world value of testing for neuronal autoantibodies in acute first-episode psychosis. BJPsych Open. 2018;4(4):262-264.  https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.27
  68. Kranaster L, Koethe D, Hoyer C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics in first-episode schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2011;261(7):529-530.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-011-0193-7
  69. Oviedo-Salcedo T, de Witte L, Kümpfel T, et al. Absence of cerebrospinal fluid antineuronal antibodies in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):318-320.  https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.24
  70. Endres D, Perlov E, Baumgartner A, et al. Immunological findings in psychotic syndromes: a tertiary care hospital’s CSF sample of 180 patients. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2015;9:476.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00476
  71. Orlovska S, Köhler-Forsberg O, Brix S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation and infections in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. 2018;29:17-18.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2018.01.091
  72. Binks S, Uy C, Honnorat J, et al. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: a practical approach to diagnosis and management. Practical Neurology. 2022;22(1):19-31.  https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2021-003073
  73. Fernández-Fournier M, Lacruz L, Nozal P, et al. The study of neural antibodies in neurology: A practical summary. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022;13:1043723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043723
  74. Falkenberg I, Benetti S, Raffin M, et al. Clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;211(4):231-237.  https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.195834
  75. Malin DI, Gladyshev VN, Ravilov RS. Clinical and psychopathological manifestations of autoimmune NMDA-receptor encephalitis. Social’naya i Klinicheskaya Psihiatriya. 2020;2(30):71-79. Accessed September 20, 2023. (In Russ.). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kliniko-psihopatologicheskie-proyavleniya-pri-autoimmunnom-nmda-retseptornom-entsefalite
  76. Abboud H, Probasco JC, Irani S, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2021;92(7):757-768.  https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-325300
  77. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Neurology. 2013;12(2):157-165.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1
  78. Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Ramanathan S. et al. Immune therapy in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2015;15(12):1391-1419. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2015.1115720
  79. Lee W-J, Lee S-T, Moon J, et al. Tocilizumab in autoimmune encephalitis refractory to rituximab: an institutional cohort study. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(4):824-832.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0442-6
  80. Mané-Damas M, Hoffmann C, Zong S, et al. Autoimmunity in psychotic disorders. Where we stand, challenges and opportunities. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2019;18(9):102348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102348
  81. National library of Medicine. National center for biotechnology information. An official website of the United States government. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Autoimmune+Encephalitis
  82. Blackburn KM, Denney DA, Hopkins SC, et al. Low Recruitment in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ocrelizumab for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Series and Review of Lessons Learned. Neurology and Therapy. 2022;11(2):893-903.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-022-00327-x
  83. Granata T, Matricardi S, Ragona F, et al. Pediatric NMDAR encephalitis: a single center observation study with a closer look at movement disorders. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2018;22(2):301-307.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.012
  84. Oldham M. Autoimmune encephalopathy for psychiatrists: when to suspect autoimmunity and what to do next. Psychosomatics. 2017;58(3):228-244.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.014
  85. Thompson J, Bi M, Murchison AG, et al. Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures Study Group. The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain. 2018;141(2):348-356.  https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx323
  86. Cui J, Bu H, He J, et al. The gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABAB) encephalitis: clinical manifestations and response to immunotherapy. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2018;128(7):627-633.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2017.1408618
  87. Balu R, McCracken L, Lancaster E, et al. A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2019;92(3):e244-e252. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006783
  88. Fominykh V, Brylev L, Gaskin V, et al. Neuronal damage and neuroinflammation markers in patients with autoimmune encephalitis and multiple sclerosis. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2019;34(5):1473-1485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00452-x
  89. Seliverstov YU, Ginzberg M, Melnik E, et al. Stiff-person spectrum disorders In Russia: a retrospective analysis of 20 cases [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2020;35(suppl 1). Accessed September 20, 2023. https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/stiff-person-spectrum-disorders-in-russia-a-retrospective-analysis-of-20-cases/
  90. Cygankov BD. Clinical and pathogenetic patterns of development of febrile attacks of schizophrenia and their treatment system. M.: Norma; 1997;232. (In Russ.).
  91. Consoli A, Ronen K, An-Gourfinkel I, et al. Malignant catatonia due to anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis in a 17-year-old girl: case report. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2011;5(1):15.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-5-15
  92. Khandaker GM, Dantzer R, Jones PB. Immunopsychiatry: important facts. Psychological Medicine. 2017;47(13):2229-2237. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000745
  93. Marques FMC, Nardi AE, Teixeira AL, et al. Immunopsychiatry: an update on autoimmune encephalitis for neuropsychiatrists. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2022;22(2):155-167.  https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2022.2038136

Close metadata

Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.