Objective. To evaluate the incidence of neurological diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm-born children, aged 5—8 years, with extremely low (ELBW), very low (VLBW) or low body weight (LBW) at birth. Material and methods. One hundred and twenty-two preterm-born children, including 36 born with ELBW, 36 born with VLBW and 50 born with LBW, were examined in the age from 5 years 0 months to 8 years 0 months. Presenting complaints were assessed by means of the structured parents’ questionnaire. Diagnosis of the nervous system diseases was based on the criteria of ICD-10 and DSM-V. Results and conclusion. Based on the assessment results, there was no any neurological or neurodevelopmental disorder in 8.3% (n=3) of children with ELBW, 16.7% (n=6) with VLBW, 22.0% (n=11) with LBW at birth. Compared to the general pediatric population, more preterm-born children with ELBW, VLBW or LBW, aged 5—8 years, had developmental dyspraxia, chronic motor tics, tension type headaches and enuresis. Moreover, the higher incidence was found for neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, specific learning disabilities, compared with population rates. All conditions were more prevalent in boys than in girls, with the exception of tension type headaches. The frequency of disorders was inversely correlated with gestational age and body weight. However, the results demonstrate reserve capacities of the developing brain in children born preterm and suffered early brain damage.