The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Pizova N.V.

Kafedra nevrologii i neĭrokhirurgii Iaroslavskoĭ gosudarstvennoĭ meditsinskoĭ akademii

Neuropsychiatric disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus

Authors:

Pizova N.V.

More about the authors

Read: 25809 times


To cite this article:

Pizova NV. Neuropsychiatric disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2010;110(8):76‑83. (In Russ.)

Recommended articles:
Masks of autoimmune diseases: a multidisciplinary approach to the problem. Journal of Respiratory Medi­cine. 2025;(1):58-64

References:

  1. Ivanova M.M. Sistemnaya krasnaya volchanka. Klinika, diagnostika i lechenie. Klin revmatol 1995;1:2-19.
  2. Ivanova M.M. TsNS-lyupus: problemy i dostizheniya (rezul'taty 10-letnego kliniko-instrumental'nogo issledovaniya). Ter arkh 2001; 5:25-29.
  3. Afeltra A., Amoroso A., Mitterhofer A.P. et al. The 677C ⇒ T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in epileptic patients affected by systemic lupus erythematosus. Seizure 2002;11:250-254.
  4. Afeltra A., Garzia P., Mitterhofer A.P. et al. Neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: relationship with antiphospholipid antibodies. Neurology 2003;61: 108-110.
  5. Ainiala H., Loukkola J., Peltola J. et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2001;14:3:496-500.
  6. Ainiala H.., Dastidar P., Loukkola J. et al. Cerebral MRI abnormalities and their association with neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE: a population-based study. Clin Rheumatol 2005;6:l-2.
  7. Al-Mayouf S.M., Al-Hemidan A.I. Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in children. Saudi Med J 2003;24:9:964-966.
  8. Amit M., Molad Y., Levy O., Wysenbeek A.J. Headache in systemic lupus erythematosus and its relation to other disease manifestations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:467-470.
  9. Andrade R.M., Alarcon G.S., Gonzalez L.A. et al. Seizures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic cohort (LIV). Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:6:829-834.
  10. Appenzeller O. Return to the headache in systemic lupus erythematosus using modern technology. Cephalalgia 1998;18:171-172.
  11. Appenzeller S., Cendes F., Costallat L. T.L. Epileptic seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2004;63:1808-1812.
  12. Appenzeller S., Costallat L. Clinical implications of migraine in systemic lupus erythematosus: relation to cumulative organ damage. Cephalalgia 2004;24:12:1024-1030.
  13. Asherson R.A., Derksen R.H., Harris E. N. et al. Chorea in systemic lupus erythematosus and "lupus-like" disease: Association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Semin Arthrit Rheumat 1987;16:4:253-259.
  14. Asherson R.A., Mercey D., Phillips G. et al. Recurrent stroke and multi-infarct dementia in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:605-611.
  15. Asmahan M.I., Chong H.C., Tan B.E. et al. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiographic features of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in a Malaysian rheumatology centre. APLAR J Rheumatol 2006;9:1:621.
  16. Banecka-Majkutewicz Z. Headache in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1999;32:6:149-155.
  17. Benseler S.M., Silverman E.D. Neuropsychiatric involvement in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007;16:8:564-571.
  18. Bernatsky S., Clarke A., Gladman D.D. et al. Mortality related to cerebrovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006;15:12:835-839.
  19. Bonnet F., Mercie P., Morlat P. et al. Devic's neuromyelitis optica during pregnancy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1999;8:244-247.
  20. Brey R.L., Holliday S.L., SakladA.R. et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology 2002;58:1214-1220.
  21. Brouwer J.-L.P., BijlM., Veeger N.J.G.M. et al. The contribution of inherited and acquired thrombophilic defects, alone or combined with antiphospholipid antibodies, to venous and arterial thromboembolism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood 2004; 104:1:143-148.
  22. Bruyn G.A. Controversies in lupus: nervous system involvement. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54:159-167.
  23. Bultink I.E.M., Teerlink T., Heijst J.A. et al. Raised plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine are associated with cardiovascular events, disease activity, and organ damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheumat Dis 2005;64:1362-1365.
  24. Carbotte R.M., Denburg S.D., Denburg J.A. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986;174:6:357-364.
  25. Carbotte R.M., Denburg S.D., Denburg J.A. Cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is independent of active disease. J Rheumatol 1995;22:5:863-867.
  26. Carlomagni S., Migliaresi S., Ambrosone L. et al. Cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus: a follow-up study. J Neurol 2000;247:273-279.
  27. Cervera R., Asherson R.A., Font J. et al. Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine 1997;76:203-212.
  28. Cervera R., Khamashta M.A., Font J. et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 5-year period. A multicenter prospective study of 1,000 patients. European Working Party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999;78:167-175.
  29. Chow S.K., Sargunan S., Loo H.C.K. Clinical manifestations and diagnostic tests of neuropsychiatric lupus. APLAR J Rheumatol 2006;9:1:A21-A278.
  30. Conen K.L., Jeanneret C, Hecker B. et al. Acute occlusive large vessel disease leading to fatal stroke in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Arteritis or atherosclerosis? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2006.
  31. Cronin M.E., Biswas R.M., Van der Straeton S et al. IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with lupus with anticardiolipin antibody associated clinical syndromes. J Rheumatol 1988;15:795-798.
  32. Dahl A., Omdal R., Waterloo K. et al. Occurrence of cerebral embolic signals in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2005;45:852-855.
  33. Bonders R.C.J.M., Kappelle L.J., Derksen R.H. W.M. et al. Transient monocular blindness and antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1998;51:535-540.
  34. Fernandez-Nebro A., Palacios-Munoz R., Gordillo J. et al. Chronic or recurrent headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case control study. Lupus 1999;8:151-156.
  35. Ferreira S., D'Cruz D.P., Hughes G.R. V. Multiple sclerosis, neuropsychiatric lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome: where do we stand? Rheumatology 2005;44:4:434-442.
  36. Futrell N., Millikan S. Frequency, etiology and prevention of stroke in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1989;20:583-591.
  37. Futrell N., Schultz L.R., Millikan C. Central nervous system disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1992;42:1649-1657.
  38. Galindo-Rodriguez G., Avina-Zubieta J.A., Pizarro S. et al. Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in optic neuritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus: an open trial. Am J Med 1999;106:65-69.
  39. Garcia-Moreno J.M., Chacon J. Juvenile parkinsonism as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus: case report and review of the literature. Mov Dis 2002;17:6:1329-1335.
  40. Gibbs N., Moroney J., Foley-Nolan D. et al. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Rheumatology 2002;41:470-471.
  41. Giorgi D., Gabrieli C.B. Optic neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical features, pathogenesis, review of the literature and proposed ophthalmological criteria for APS diagnosis. Clin Rheumatol 1999;18:124-131.
  42. Gladman D.D., Urowitz M.B., Slonim D. et al. Evaluation of predictive factors for neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol 2000;27:10:2367-2371.
  43. Glanz B.I., Slonim D., Urowitz M.B. et al. Pattern of neuropsychological dysfunction in inactive systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropsychiat Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1997;10:232-238.
  44. Glanz B.I., Venkatesan A., Schur P.H. et al. Prevalence of migraine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Headache 2001;41:285-289.
  45. Goh R., Heritzen A., Tan S.T., Hoh M.C. Headaches and systemic lupus erythematosus: is there an entity of 'lupus headache'? Neurol J Southeast Asia 1997;2:51-56.
  46. Gora M.K., Dobrzynska L., Mierzejewska E. et al. EEG examination in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Wiad Lek 2003;56:5-6:220-226.
  47. Haji M.I.H.I., Loh W.F., Sofiah A. Childhood cerebral lupus in an oriental population. Brain Dev 1999;21:229-235.
  48. Hanly J.G., Walsh N.M., Sangalang V. Brain pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1992;19:732-741.
  49. Hanly J.G., McCurdy G., Fougere L. Neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus: attribution and clinical significance. J Rheumatol 2004;31:l 1:2093-2098.
  50. Hanly J.G., Fisk J.D., McCurdy G. et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:8:1459-1496.
  51. Hanly J.G., Robichaud J., Fisk J.D. Anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies and cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006;33:8:1553-1558.
  52. Hanly J.G., Urowitz M.B., Siannis F. et al. Autoantibodies and neuropsychiatric events at the time of systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis: results from an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:3:843-853.
  53. Hanly J.G., Urowitz M. V., Su L. et al. Short-term outcome of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus upon enrollment into an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:5:721- 729.
  54. Harel L., Sandborg C., Lee T. et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus and association with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 2006;33:9:1873-1877.
  55. Harisdankul V., Doorenbos D., Subramony S. Lupus transverse myelopathy. better outcome with early recognition and aggressive high-dose corticosteroid pulse treatment. J Neurol 1995;242:326-331.
  56. Hashimoto N., Handa H., Taki W. Ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Surg Neurol 1986;26:512-516.
  57. Havsager A.M., Carstensen N.C. Ballism in systemic lupus erythematosus. UgeskrLaeger 1991;153:33:2301- 2302.
  58. Hay E.M., Black D., Huddy A. et al. Psychiatric disorder and cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:411-416.
  59. Herranz M.T., Rivier G., Khamashta M.A. et al. Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and epilepsy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 1994;37:568-571.
  60. Hochberg M.C. Updating the American College of Rheumatology Revised Criteria for the Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 1997;40:1725.
  61. Hoffman I.E., Peene I., Meheus L. et al. Specific antinuclear antibodies are associated with clinical features in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1155-1158.
  62. HoganM.J., Brunei D.C., Ford P.M., Lillicrap D. Lupus anticoagulant, antiphospholipid antibodies and migraine. Can J Neurol Sci 1988;15:420-425.
  63. Hummers L.K., Krishnan C., Casciola-Rosen L. et al. Recurrent transverse myelitis associates with anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies. Neurology 2004;62:147-149.
  64. Inzelberg R., Korczyn A.D. Lupus anticoagulant and late onset seizures. Acta Neurol Scand 1989;79:114-118.
  65. Isenberg D.A., Meyrick-Thomas D., Snaith M.L. et al. A study of migraine in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1982;41:30-32.
  66. Isshi K., Hirohata S. Association of antiribosomal P protein antibodies with europsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 1996;39:1483-1490.
  67. Isshi K., Hirohata S. Differential roles of the anti-ribosomal P antibody and anti-neuronal antibody in the pathogenesis of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 1998;41:1819-1827.
  68. Jacobi C., Stingele K., Kretz R. et al. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) as first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006;15:2:107-109.
  69. Jacobsen S., Peter sen J., Ullman S. et al. Mortality and causes of death of 513 Danish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 1999;28:75-80.
  70. Jennekens F.G., Kater L. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 1. Clinical syndromes: a literature investigation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:605-618.
  71. Jennekens F.G.I., Kater L. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 2. Pathogenetic mechanisms of clinical syndromes: a literature investigation. Rheumatology 2002;41:619-630.
  72. Jishi F., Kawi M.Z., Ramahi K. et al. Hemichorea in systemic lupus erythematosus: significance of MRI findings. Lupus 1995;4:321-323.
  73. Karassa F.B., Ioannidis J.P.A., Touloumi G. et al. Risk factors for central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 2000;93:169-174.
  74. Katramados A.M., Rabah R., Adams M.D. et al. Longitudinal myelitis, aseptic meningitis, and conus medullaris infarction as presenting manifestations of pediatric sysemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2008; 17:4:332-336.
  75. Kaye B.R., Neuwelt M., London S.S. et al. Central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus mimicking progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:1152-1156.
  76. Kelley R.E., Stokes N., Reyes P., Harik S.I. Cerebral transmural angiitis and ruptured aneurysm: a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol 1980;37:526-527.
  77. Kirk A., Kertesz A., Polk M.J. Dementia with leukoencephalopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Can J Neurol Sci 1991; 18:344-348.
  78. Kitagawa Y., Gotoh F., Okayasu H. Stroke in systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1990;21:1533-1539.
  79. Koskenmies S., Vaarala O., Widen E. et al. The association of antibodies to cardiolipin, beta 2-glycoprotein I, prothrombin, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein with thrombosis in 292 patients with familial and sporadic systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 2004;33:246-252.
  80. Kovacs V., Lafferty T.L., Brent L. et al. Transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of 14 cases and review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis2000;59:120-124.
  81. Kowal C, DeGiorgio LA., Lee J. Y. et al. Human lupus autoantibodies against
  82. Kowatsu N., Kodama K., Yamanouchi N. et al. Decreased regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur Neurol 1999;42:41-48.
  83. KozoraE., Thompson L.L., West S.G. et al. Analysis of cognitive and psychological deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without overt central nervous system disease. Arthr Rheum 1996;39:2035-2045.
  84. Krishnan E. Stroke subtypes among young patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2005;14:896-902.
  85. Kuroe K., Kurahashi K., Nakano I. et al. A neuropathological study of a case of lupus erythematosus with chorea. J Neurol Sci 1994;123:59-63.
  86. Kwon S.U., Koh J.Y., Kim J.S. Vertebrobasilar artery territory infarction as an initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1999;101:62-67.
  87. Lai N.S., Lan J.L. Evaluation of cerebrospinal anticardiolipin antibodies in lupus patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2000;9:353-357.
  88. Langosch J., Rand S., Ghosh B. et al. A Clinical Electrophysiological Study of Emotional Lability in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
  89. Lavalle C., Pizarro S., Drenkard C. et al. Transverse myelitis: a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus strongly associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1990;17:34-37.
  90. Laversuch C.J., Brown M.M., Clifton A. et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and acquired protein S deficiency: an uncommon cause of headache in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:572-575.
  91. Leritz E., Brandt J., Minor M. et al. Neuropsychological functioning and its relationship to antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2002;24:4:527-533.
  92. Lessa V., Santana A., Lima I. et al. Prevalence and classification of headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2006;25:6:850-853.
  93. Lindal E., Thorlacius S., Steinsson K. et al. Psychiatric disorders among subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus in an unselected population. Scand J Rheumatol 1995;24:346-351.
  94. Loh W.F., Hussain I.M., Soffiah A. et al. Neurological manifestations of children with systemic lupus erythematosus. Med J Malaysia 2000;55:4:459-463.
  95. Long A.A., Denburg S.D., Carbotte R.M. et al. Serum lymphocytotoxic antibodies and neurocognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheumat Dis 1990;49:249-253.
  96. Lu X., Gu Y., Wang Y. et al. Prognostic factors of lupus myelopathy. Lupus 2008;17:4:323-328.
  97. Manto M.-U., Rondeaux P., Jacquy J. et al. Subacute pancerebellar syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1996;98:2:157-160.
  98. Markus H.S., Hopkinson N. Migraine and headache in systemic lupus erythematosus and their relationship with antibodies against phospholipids. J Neurol 1992;239:39-42.
  99. Matsukawa Y., Nishinarita S., Hayama T. et al. Clinical significance of electroencephalograph in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ryumachi 1993;33:l:20-28.
  100. Matsumoto R., Nakano I., Shiga J. Systemic lupus erythematosus with multiple perivascular spongy changes in cerebral deep structures, midbrain, and cerebellar white matter. A case report. J Neurol Sci 1997;145:147-153.
  101. Mecarelli O., de Feo M.R., Accornero N. et al. A Systemic lupus erythematosus and myoclonic epileptic manifestations. Ital J Neurol Sci 1999;20:2:129-132.
  102. Miguel E.C., Pereira R.M.R., De Branganca Pereira C.A. et al. Psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, symptoms and signs of central nervous system activity in 43 patients. Medicine 1994;73:224-232.
  103. Mikdashi J., Handwerger B. Predictors of neuropsychiatric damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the Maryland lupus cohort. Rheumatology 2004;43:12:1555-1560.
  104. Mikdashi J., Krumholz A., Handwerger B. Factors at diagnosis predict subsequent occurrence of seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2005;64:2102-2107.
  105. Mimori A., Suzuki T., Hashimoto M. et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2000;9:521-526.
  106. Mitsias P., Levine S.R. Large cerebral vessel occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1994;44:385-393.
  107. Mitsikostas D.D., Sfikakis P.P., Goadsby P.J. A meta-analysis for headache in systemic lupus erythematosus: the evidence and the myth. Brain 2004;127:5:1200-1209.
  108. Miyoshi Y., Atsumi T., Kitagawa H. et al. Parkinson-like symptoms as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1993;2:199-201.
  109. Mok S.S., Lau C.S., Wong R.W. Neuropsychiatric manifestations and their clinical associations in southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2001;28:766-771.
  110. Mok S. S., To S.N., Mak A. Neuropsychiatric damage in Southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine 2006;85:4:221-228.
  111. Nakai Y., Hyodo A., Yanaka K. et al. Distal superior cerebellar artery aneurysm in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Surg Neurol 2000;54:73-76.
  112. Osawa K., Yamabe H., Kaizuka M. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with transverse myelitis and parkinsonian symptoms. Lupus 1997;6:613-615.
  113. Parikh S., Swaiman K.F., Kim Y. Neurologic characteristics of childhood lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Neurol 1995;13:198-201.
  114. Peterova V., Faber J., Dostal C. et al. EEG findings in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Sb Lek 1999;100:4:309-313.
  115. Provenzale J., Bouldin T. W. Lupus-related myelopathy: report of three cases
  116. Quintero-Del-Rio A.I., Miller V. Neurologic symptoms in children with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Child Neurol 2000;15:12:803-807.
  117. Rafai M.A., El Moutawakil V., Gam I. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with a choreo-athetosic syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Rev Neurol 2005;161:10:967-970.
  118. Robert M, Sunitha R., Thulaseedharan N.K. Neuropsychiatric manifestations systemic lupus erythematosus: a study from South India. Neurol India 2006;54:l :75-77.
  119. Rogers M.P., Waterhouse K, Nagel J.S. et al. 1-123 iofetamine SPECT scan in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with cognitive and other minor neuropsychiatric symptoms: a pilot study. Lupus 1992;1:4:215-219.
  120. Roldan C.A., Gelgand E.A., Quails C.R. et al. Valvular heart disease as a cause of cerebrovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:1441-1447.
  121. Rood M.J., Breedveld F.C., Huizinga T.W. The accuracy of diagnosing neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in a series of 49 hospitalized patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:55-61.
  122. Sanna G., Piga M., Terryberry J.W. et al. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: cerebral imaging and serological profile in patients with and without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2000;9:573-583.
  123. Sanna G., Bertolaccini M.L., Cuadrado M.J. et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and association with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 2003;30:985-992.
  124. Schneebaum A.V., Singleton J.D., Sterling G. W. et al. Association of psychiatric manifestation with antibodies to ribosomal P proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1991;90:54-62.
  125. Sfikakis P.P., Mitsikostas D.D., Manoussakis M.N. et al. Headache in systemic lupus erythematosus: a controlled study. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:300-303.
  126. Sherer Y., Gorstein A., Fritzleret M.J. et al. Autoantibody explosion in systemic lupus erythematosus: more than 100 different antibodies found in SLE patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004;34:2:501-537.
  127. Shibata M., Kibe T., Fujimoto S. et al. Diffuse central nervous system lupus involving white matter, basal ganglia, thalami and brainstem. Brain Dev 1999;21:337-340.
  128. Shrivastava A., Dwivedi S., Aggarwal A., Misra R. Anti-cardiolipin and anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies in Indian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:association with the presence of seizures. Lupus 2001;10:45-50.
  129. Sibley J.T., Olszynski W.P., Decoteau W.E., Sundaram M.B. The incidence and prognosis of central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1992;9:47-52.
  130. Simonin C., Devos D., de Seze J. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with recurrent psychiatric disturbances. Rev Neurol 2004;160:8-9:811- 816.
  131. Steinlin'M.L, Blaser S.I., Gilday D.L. et al. Neurologic manifestations of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Neurol 1995;13:3:191-197.
  132. Tarn L.S., Cohen M.G., Li E.K. Hemiballism in systemic lupus erythematosus: possible association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 1995;4:67-69.
  133. Tan E.K., Chan L.L., Auchus A.P. Reversible parkinsonism in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Neurol Sci 2001;193:l:53-57.
  134. Teh L.S., Hay E.M., Amos N. et al. Anti-P antibodies are associated with psychiatric and focal cerebral disorders in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:287-290.
  135. Tellez-Zenteno J.F., Remes-Troche J.M., Negrete-Pulido R.O. et al. Longitudinal myelitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging of six cases. Lupus 2001 ;10:851-856.
  136. Theodoridou A., Settas L. Demyelination in rheumatic diseases. Postgrad Med J2008;84:127-132.
  137. To C.H., Petri M. Is antibody clustering predictive of clinical subsets and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus? Arthr Rheum 2005;52:4003-4010.
  138. Tomietto P., Annese V., DAgostini S. et al. Neuropsychological tests, MRI and PECT in the evaluation of CNS involvement in SLE. Reumatismo 2003;55:3:171-180.
  139. Touma Z., Atweh S.F., Kibbi L. et al. Longitudinal myelitis in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, homozygous prothrombin G20210A and heterozygous MTHFR 677T. Lupus 2007; 16:517-520.
  140. TzioufasA.G., Tzortzakis N.G., Panou-Pomonis E. et al. The clinical relevance of antibodies to ribosomal-P common epitope in two targeted systemic lupus erythematosus populations: a large cohort of consecutive patients and patients with active central nervous system disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:99-104.
  141. Utset T.O., Golden M., Siberry G. et al. Depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with central nervous system lupus and Sjogren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 1994;21:2039-2045.
  142. Uziel Y., Laxer R.M., Blaser S. et al. Cerebral vein thrombosis in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr 1995;126:722-727.
  143. Valesini G., Alessandri C., Celestino D. et al. Anti-endothelial antibodies and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1069:118-128.
  144. Van Gijn J., Rinkel G.J.E. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain 2001;124:249-278.
  145. Vidailhet M., Piette J.C., Wechsler B. et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1990;21:1226-1231.
  146. Watanabe T., Onda H. Hemichorea with antiphospholipid antibodies in a patient with lupus nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19:4:451-453.
  147. Waterloo K., Omdal R., Sjoholm H. et al. Neuropsychological dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is not associated with changes in cerebral blood flow. J Neurol 2001;248:7:595-602.
  148. Weiner S.M., Otte A., Schumacher M. et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: value of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:377-385.
  149. West W.G. Neuropsychiatric lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994;20: 129-158.
  150. West S.G., Emlen W., Wener M.H., Kotzin B.L. Neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus: a 10 year prospective study on the value of diagnostic tests. Am J Med 1995;99:153-163.
  151. Yaginuma M., Suenaga M., Shiono Y. et al. Acute cerebellar ataxia of a patient with SLE. ClinNeurol Neurosurg 2000;102:l:37-39.
  152. Yoshio T., Masuyama J., Ikeda M. et al. Quantification of antiribosomal P0 protein antibodies by ELISA with recombinant P0 fusion protein and their association with central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1681-1687.
  153. Yu H.-H., Lee J.-K, Wang L.-C. et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in'pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a 20-year study. Lupus 2006;15:10:651-657.
  154. Yuen S.Y., Lau K.F., Steinberg A. W. et al. Intracranial venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with antiphospholipid syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Paediatr Child Health 2001;37:405-408.
  155. Zanardi V.A., Magna L.A., Costallat L. T. Cerebral atrophy related to corticotherapy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clin Rheumatol 2001;20:4:245-250.
  156. Zhang X., Zhang F., Shu H. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of anti-neuronal antibody in central nervous system involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006;9:l:66.
  157. Zonana-Nacach A., Barr S.G., Magder L.S. et al. Damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and its association with corticosteroids. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1801-1808.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.