The aim of this work is to monitor the state of the proteolytic community in time and space for the subsequent development of approaches to an objective assessment of the late postmortem period. The study proposes a combination of standard bacterioscopic and bacteriological research methods with methods of molecular biology and genetics, which make it possible to identify species and strains of mammalian corpses’ proteolytics at the level of specific DNA or RNA. On the basis of phenotypic traits and a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of genes encoding 16S rRNA, the species belonging of the isolated strains was proved. The set of methods’ combination, including traditional microbiological analysis and molecular genetic studies, seems promising both for the purpose of substantiating and widespread use of microbiological methods in forensic medical practice, and for development an objective scientific base for establishing the cause-and-effect patterns of microbial transformation of organic matter in nature.