Objective — to study the causes of recurrent postoperative ventral hernias and methods for their prevention. Material and methods. There were 58 patients with recurrent postoperative ventral hernias after various methods of abdominal wall repair for the period 2005—2017. Results. The main causes of recurrent postoperative ventral hernias were identified. Local tissue rearrangement resulted recurrent hernia in 21 (36.2%) patients, that was observed even in patients with small hernia. Size discrepancy between endoprosthesis and hernial orifice caused a recurrence in 20 (34.5%) patients. In 11 (19%) patients, implant detachment followed by recurrent hernia occurred. Postoperative wound complications followed by recurrent hernia were diagnosed in 6 (10.3%) patients. Non-compliance with recommendations for wearing a bandage and restricting physical exertion also contributed to the development of recurrent hernia. Moreover, recurrent hernia occurred mainly in obese patients. Mean body mass index was 34.27±2.2 kg/m2. Recurrent hernia was again detected in 12 out of 35 patients in long-term period after surgical treatment. Conclusion. It is necessary to abandon local tissue rearrangement and to select a correct size of synthetic material for prevention of recurrent postoperative hernia. Preoperative body weight control is essential in patients with obesity. Wearing a bandage and restricting physical exertion are obligatory in postoperative period. Annual examination during 3—5 years after surgery is essential for timely diagnosis of recurrent hernia.