The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Avdeev S.N.

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Beloborodov V.B.

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Belotserkovskiy B.Z.

Russian N.I. Pirogov`s National Research Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
City Clinical Hospital «40

Gritsan A.I.

Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University

Dekhnich A.V.

Smolensk State Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Zaitsev A.A.

Main Military Clinical Hospital named after academician N.N. Burdenko of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation;
Russian Biotechnological University (Moscow State University of Food Production)

Kirov M.Yu.

Northern State Medical University

Kozlov R.S.

Smolensk State Medical University

Kuzkov V.V.

Northern State Medical University

Protsenko D.N.

Russian N.I. Pirogov`s National Research Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
City Clinical Hospital No. 40

Rachina S.A.

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Sinopalnikov A.I.

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Yakovlev S.V.

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
City S.S. Yudin`s Clinical Hospital

Yaroshetskiy A.I.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University;
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clinical recommendations from Russian Federation of Anaesthesiologists and Reanimatologists

Authors:

Avdeev S.N., Beloborodov V.B., Belotserkovskiy B.Z., Gritsan A.I., Dekhnich A.V., Zaitsev A.A., Kirov M.Yu., Kozlov R.S., Kuzkov V.V., Protsenko D.N., Rachina S.A., Sinopalnikov A.I., Yakovlev S.V., Yaroshetskiy A.I.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2022;(1): 6‑35

DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology20220116

Read: 131205 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

SEVERE COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS. CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF ANAESTHESIOLOGISTS AND REANIMATOLOGISTS
SEVERE COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS. CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF ANAESTHESIOLOGISTS AND REANIMATOLOGISTS

To cite this article:

Avdeev SN, Beloborodov VB, Belotserkovskiy BZ, et al. . Severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clinical recommendations from Russian Federation of Anaesthesiologists and Reanimatologists. Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2022;(1):6‑35. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology20220116

МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Features of anti­bacterial drugs intake among the popu­lation of the Repu­blic of Bela­rus. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(10):15-22
Central nervous system invo­lvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(2):124-129
Abstract:

The purpose of the updated guidelines is to provide specialists, primarily, anesthesiologists and intensive care physicians with modern evidence-based data on ethiology, epidemiology methods od diagnostic, treatment and prophylaxis of severe community-aquired pneumonia in adults. In the preparation of the current document, the high quality scientific studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and the latest recommendations of Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS), and the European Respiratory Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/European Society of Clinical Micribiology and Infectious Diseases/Asociacion Latinoamericana del Torax (ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT) as well as other leading professional communities have been analyzed, localized and implemented. Current guidelines provide up-to-date recommendations for the differential antibiotic treatment of severe CAP patients based on the existence of risk factors making them susceptible to the infection with certain microorganisms, and suggests etiotropic therapy regimens for cases where the causative agent has been identified. A substantial portion of the document focuses on the respiratory therapy for CAP, outlining a graded algorithm for the treatment of acute respiratory failure based on stage, and describing in detail the most effective and safe invasive and non-invasive respiratory support strategies. The proposed adjuvant therapies include glucocorticosteroids if it is impossible to stabilize hemodynamics by means of adequate hydration and vasopressor support, as well as parenteral anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolic complications. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are suggested as CAP prevention strategies for high-risk patients. The criteria on the quality of medical care are presented.

Keywords:

community-acquired infections
pneumonia
anti-bacterial agents
respiratory therapy

Authors:

Avdeev S.N.

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Beloborodov V.B.

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Belotserkovskiy B.Z.

Russian N.I. Pirogov`s National Research Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
City Clinical Hospital «40

Gritsan A.I.

Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University

Dekhnich A.V.

Smolensk State Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Zaitsev A.A.

Main Military Clinical Hospital named after academician N.N. Burdenko of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation;
Russian Biotechnological University (Moscow State University of Food Production)

Kirov M.Yu.

Northern State Medical University

Kozlov R.S.

Smolensk State Medical University

Kuzkov V.V.

Northern State Medical University

Protsenko D.N.

Russian N.I. Pirogov`s National Research Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
City Clinical Hospital No. 40

Rachina S.A.

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Sinopalnikov A.I.

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Yakovlev S.V.

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University under The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
City S.S. Yudin`s Clinical Hospital

Yaroshetskiy A.I.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University;
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Close metadata

References:

  1. Chuchalin AG, Sinopal’nikov AI, Kozlov RS, et al. Russian Respiratory Society Interregional association on clinical microbiology and antimicrobial chemotherapy Clinical guidelines on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of severe community!acquired pneumonia in adults. Pulmonologiya. 2014;(4):13-48. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2014-0-4-13-48
  2. Sinopalnikov AI. Community-acquired pneumonia. In the book: Community-acquired respiratory tract infections. A guide for doctors. Ed. Sinopalnikov A.I., Kozlov R.S. M.: Premier MT, Our City; 2007. (In. Russ.).
  3. Weinberger SE, Cockrill BA, Mandel J. Classification and Pathophysiologic Aspects of Respiratory Failure. In: Principles of pulmonary medicine. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019.
  4. Sepsis: classification, clinical and diagnostic conception and treatment. Ed. acad. Gelfand B.R. 4th ed. M. 2017. (In Russ.).
  5. Mandell LM, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(suppl 2):27-72. 
  6. Ewig S, Woodhead M, Torres A. Towards a sensible comprehension of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:214-223.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-010-2077-0
  7. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2019;200(7):45-67.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST
  8. Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:415-427.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500245
  9. Torres A, Blasi F, Peetermans WE, et al. The aetiology and antibiotic management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(7):1065-1079.
  10. Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:202-209. 
  11. Athlin S, Lidman C, Lundqvist A, et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: updated. Swedish guidelines. 2017. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50(4):247-272. 
  12. Pavia AT. What is the Role of Respiratory Viruses in Community-Acquired Pneumonia? What is the Best Therapy for Influenza and Other Viral Causes of Community-Acquired Pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2013;27:157-175. 
  13. Choi SH, Hong SB, Ko GB, et al. Viral infection in patients with severe pneumonia requiring intensive care unit admission. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:325-332. 
  14. Bjarnason A, Westin J, Lindh M, et al. Incidence, Etiology, and Outcomes of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Population-Based Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(2):ofy010. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy010
  15. Rachina SA, Kozlov RS, Shal EP, Ustyuzhanin IV, Krechikov OI, Ivanchik NV, Gudkov IV, Asafyeva OYu, Guchev IA, Gulyaeva SA, Burdinskaya YuV, Yatsyshina SB, Astakhova TS, Beykin YaB, Besedina LG. A spectrum of causative bacterial pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia in multidisciplinary hospitals of Smolensk. Pulmonologiya. 2011;(1):5-18. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-1089-2011-0-1-5-18
  16. de Roux A, Ewig S, Garcia E, et al. Mixed community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:795-800. 
  17. Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.129502
  18. Yezhlova EB, Demina YuV, Sheenkov NV, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of community-ac-quired pneumonia. Guidelines MUK 4.2.3115 -13. Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare. M. 2013. (In Russ.).
  19. Kuzmenkov AYu, Vinogradova AG, Trushin IV, et al. AMRmap — antibiotic resistance surveillance system in Russia. Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Chemiother. 2021;23(2):117-123. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2021.2.117-123
  20. Ivanchik NV, Chagaryan AN, Sukhorukova MV, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of clinical Streptococcus pneumonia isolates in Russia; the results of multicenter epidemiological study «PEHASus 2014—2017». Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Chemiother. 2019;21(3):230-237. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2019.3.230-237
  21. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S. and the ERS/ESCMID Task Force. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(suppl 6):1-59. 
  22. Kozlov RS. Pneumococci: past, present and future. Smolensk: IACMAC; 2010. (In Russ.).
  23. Rubinstein E, Kollef M, Nathwani D. Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:378-385. 
  24. Thomas R, Ferguson J, Coombs G, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: a clinical audit. Respirology. 2011;16:926-931. 
  25. Li HT, Zhang TT, Huang J, et al. Factors associated with the outcome of life-threatening necrotizing pneumonia due to community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in adult and adolescent patients. Respiration. 2011;81:448-460. 
  26. Quinton LJ, Mizgerd JP. Dynamics of lung defense in pneumonia: resistance, resilience, and remodeling. Annu Rev Physiol. 2015;77:407-430. 
  27. Mizgerd JP. Respiratory Infection and the Impact of Pulmonary Immunity on Lung Health and Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:824-829. 
  28. Braciale TJ, Sun J, Kim TS. Regulating the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12:295-305. 
  29. Chiu C, Openshaw PJ. Antiviral B cell and T cell immunity in the lungs. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:18-26. 
  30. Chen K, Kolls JK. T cell-mediated host immune defenses in the lung. Annual review of immunology. 2013;31:605-633. 
  31. Mizgerd JP. Pathogenesis of Severe Pneumonia — Advances and knowledge gaps. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017;23(3):193-197. 
  32. Chen K, Eddens T, Trevejo-Nunez G, et al. IL-17 Receptor Signaling in the Lung Epithelium Is Required for Mucosal Chemokine Gradients and Pulmonary Host Defense against K. pneumoniae Cell host & microbe. 2016;20:596-605. 
  33. Levy R, Okada S, Beziat V et al. Genetic, immunological, and clinical features of patients with bacterial and fungal infections due to inherited IL-17RA deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016.
  34. Jeyaseelan S, Manzer R, Young SK et al. Induction of CXCL5 during inflammation in the rodent lung involves activation of alveolar epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2005;32:531-539. 
  35. Yamamoto K, Ahyi AN, Pepper-Cunningham ZA et al. Roles of lung epithelium in neutrophil recruitment during pneumococcal pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014;50:253-262. 
  36. Kamata H, Yamamoto K, Wasserman GA et al. Epithelial Cell-derived Secreted and Transmembrane 1a (Sectm1a) Signals to Activated Neutrophils During Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016.
  37. Evans SE, Xu Y, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF. Inducible innate resistance of lung epithelium to infection. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:413-435. 
  38. Leiva-Juarez MM, Ware HH, Kulkarni VV, et al. Inducible epithelial resistance protects mice against leukemia-associated pneumonia. Blood. 2016;128:982-992. 
  39. Muir R, Osbourn M, Dubois AV et al. Innate Lymphoid Cells Are the Predominant Source of IL-17A during the Early Pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:407-416. 
  40. Xiong H, Keith JW, Samilo DW, et al. Innate Lymphocyte/Ly6C(hi) Monocyte Crosstalk Promotes Klebsiella Pneumoniae Clearance. Cell. 2016;165:679-689. 
  41. Stier MT, Bloodworth MH, Toki S et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection activates IL-13-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells through thymic stromal lymphopoietin. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2016;138:814-824 e811.
  42. Thanabalasuriar A, Neupane AS, Wang J, et al. iNKT Cell Emigration out of the Lung Vasculature Requires Neutrophils and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells in Inflammation. Cell Rep. 2016;16:3260-3272.
  43. Wang Y, Jiang B, Guo Y, et al. Cross-protective mucosal immunity mediated by memory Th17 cells against Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection. Mucosal immunology. 2016.
  44. Gostic KM, Ambrose M, Worobey M, Lloyd-Smith JO. Potent protection against H5N1 and H7N9 influenza via childhood hemagglutinin imprinting. Science. 2016;354:722-726. 
  45. Thome JJ, Bickham KL, Ohmura Y, et al. Early-life compartmentalization of human T cell differentiation and regulatory function in mucosal and lymphoid tissues. Nat Med. 2016;22:72-77. 
  46. Beura LK, Hamilton SE, Bi K, et al. Normalizing the environment recapitulates adult human immune traits in laboratory mice. Nature. 2016;532:512-516. 
  47. Torres A, Sibila O, Ferrer M, et al. Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313:677-686. 
  48. Rialdi A, Campisi L, Zhao N, et al. Topoisomerase 1 inhibition suppresses inflammatory genes and protects from death by inflammation. Science. 2016;352:aad7993.
  49. Matalon S, Bartoszewski R, Collawn JF. Role of epithelial sodium channels in the regulation of lung fluid homeostasis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015;309:L1229-1238.
  50. Peteranderl C, Morales-Nebreda L, Selvakumar B, et al. Macrophage-epithelial paracrine crosstalk nhibits lung edema clearance during influenza infection. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2016;126:1566-1580.
  51. Basil MC, Levy BD. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:51-67. 
  52. Abdulnour RE, Sham HP, Douda DN et al. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 is produced during self-resolving gram-negative bacterial pneumonia and regulates host immune responses for the resolution of lung inflammation. Mucosal immunology. 2016;9:1278-1287.
  53. Cilloniz C, Dominedo C, Garcia-Vidal C, Torres A. Community-acquired pneumonia as an emergency condition. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2018;24:531-539. 
  54. The Department for Monitoring, Analysis, and Strategic Development of Healthcare of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (director E.G. Kotova, Ph.D.) and the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Central Research Institute for Organization and Informatization of Healthcare» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (director Starodubov V. I., Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor). The incidence of the adult population of Russia in 2019 with a diagnosis established for the first time in life. Statistical materials, part III. (In Russ.).
  55. Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. On the state of the sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2020. State report. Available at: https://rospotrebnadzor. ru/documents/details.php?ELEMENT_ID=18266. (In Russ.). https://rospotrebnadzor.ru/documents/details.php?ELEMENT_ID=18266
  56. Global action plan for prevention and control of pneumonia (GAPP): technical consensus statement. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Cited 2019 Mar 12.  https://www.unicef.org/media/files/GAPP3_web.pdf
  57. Statistical materials of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Form 2). M. 2019. (In Russ.).
  58. Marti C, Garin N, Grosgurin O, Poncet A, Combescure C, Carballo S, Perrier A. Prediction of severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):R141.
  59. Chalmers JD, Mandal P, Singanayagam A, Akram AR, Choudhury G, Short PM, et al. Severity assessment tools to guide ICU admission in community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:1409-1420.
  60. Ito A, Ishida T, Tokumasu H, Washio Y, Yamazaki A, Ito Y, Tachibana H. Prognostic factors in hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective study of a prospective observational cohort. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):78. 
  61. Walden AP, Clarke GM, McKechnie S, et al; ESICM/ECCRN GenOSept Investigators. Patients with community acquired pneumonia admitted to European intensive care units: an epidemiological survey of the GenOSept cohort. Crit Care. 2014;18(2):R58.  https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13812
  62. Vallés J, Diaz E, Martín-Loeches I, Bacelar N, Saludes P, Lema J, Gallego M, Fontanals D, Artigas A. Evolution over a 15-year period of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Med Intensiva. 2016;40:238-245. 
  63. Espinoza R, Lapa Silva JR, Bergmann A, de Oliveira Melo U, Calil FE, Santos RC, Salluh J. Factors associated with mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia: A multicenter cohort study. J Crit Care. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.11.024
  64. Kellum JA, Kong L, Fink MP, Weissfeld LA, Yealy DM, Pinsky MR, et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1655-1663.
  65. Angus DC, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS, Clermont G, Dremsizov TT, Coley C, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:717-723. 
  66. Woodhead M, Welch CA, Harrison DA, Bellingan G, Ayres JG. Community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit: secondary analysis of 17,869 cases in the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care. 2006;10(suppl 2):1. 
  67. Cavallazzi R, Wiemken T, Arnold FW, Luna CM, Bordon J, Kelley R, et al. Outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit. Respir Med. 2015;109:743-750. 
  68. Gattarello S, Borgatta B, Sole-Violan J, Valles J, Vidaur L, Zaragoza pneumonia: impact of improving antibiotic strategies (2000—2013). Chest. 2014;146:22-31. 
  69. Rachina SA, Sinopalnikov AI. Lower respiratory tract infections. In: Fundamentals of Internal Medicine. Ed. Moiseev V.S., Kobalava Zh.D., Maev I.V. et al. 2 ed., revised. and add. M.: LLC «MIA»; 2020;1:145-169. (In Russ.).
  70. Sligl WI, Marrie TJ. Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Crit Care Clin. 2013;29:563-601. 
  71. Sinopalnikov AI, Fesenko OV. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults. In: Respiratory Medicine. 2-nd edition. Edited by Chuchalin A.G. M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2017;2:29-67. (In Russ.).
  72. Sinopalnikov AI. Community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Pulmonology and Allergology. 2003;4:15-18. (In Russ.).
  73. Müller B, Harbarth S, Stolz D, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:10. 
  74. Zalacain R, Torres A, Celis R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Spanish multicentre study. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:294-302. 
  75. Kaplan V, Angus DC. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Crit Care Clin. 2003;19:729-748. 
  76. Aliberti S, Di Pasquale M, Zanaboni AM, et al. Stratifying risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens in hospitalized patients coming from the community with pneumonia. Clin Infect.
  77. Bewick T, Greenwood S, Lim WS. What is the role of pulse oximetry in the assessment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in primary care? Prim Care Respir J. 2010;19(4):378-382. 
  78. Blot SI, Rodriguez A, Sole-Violan J, Blanquer J, Almirall J, Rello J, et al. Effects of delayed oxygenation assessment on time to antibiotic delivery and mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2509-2514.
  79. de Jager CP, Wever PC, Gemen EF, et al. The neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46561.
  80. Tamayose M, Fujita J, Parrott G, et al. Correlations between extent of X-ray infiltration and levels of serum C-reactive protein in adult non-severe community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2015;21:456-463. 
  81. Schuetz P, Litke A, Albrich WC, et al. Blood biomarkers for personalized treatment and patient management decisions in community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:159-167. 
  82. Bruns AH, Oosterheert JJ, Hak E, et al. Usefulness of consecutive C-reactive protein measurements in follow-up of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:726-732. 
  83. Nouvenne A, Ticinesi A, Folesani G, et al. The association of serum procalcitonin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with pneumonia in elderly multimorbid patients with respiratory symptoms: retrospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:16. 
  84. Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT. C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of severity in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med. 2008;121:219-225. 
  85. Nseir W, Farah R, Mograbi J, et al. Impact of serum C-reactive protein measurements in the first 2 days on the 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a cohort study. J Crit Care. 2013;28:291-295. 
  86. Hedlund J, Hansson LO. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in community-acquired pneumonia: correlation with etiology and prognosis. Infection. 2000;28:68-73. 
  87. Johansson N, Kalin M, Backman-Johansson C, et al. Procalcitonin levels in community-acquired pneumonia — correlation with aetiology and severity. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46:787-791. 
  88. Schuetz P, Wirz Y, Sager R, et al. Procalcitonin to Initiate or Discontinue Antibiotics in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10(10):CD007498.
  89. de Jong E, van Oers JA, Beishuizen A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Procalcitonin Guidance in Reducing the Duration of Antibiotic Treatment in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label Trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(7):819-827. 
  90. Menendez R, Martinez R, Reyes S, et al. Biomarkers improve mortality prediction by prognostic scales in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009;64:587-591. 
  91. Rhodes A, Evans L, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):304-377.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6
  92. Howell MD, Donnino M, Clardy P, et al. Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1892-1899.
  93. Zhou H, Lan T, Guo S. Prognostic Prediction Value of qSOFA, SOFA, and Admission Lactate in Septic Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Emergency Department. Emerg Med Int. 2020;2020:7979353.
  94. Ramirez JA, Wiemken TL, Peyrani P, et al. Adults Hospitalized With Pneumonia in the United States: Incidence, Epidemiology, and Mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(11):1806-1812.
  95. Rodriguez A, Lisboa T, Blot S, et al. Mortality ICU patients with bacterial community acquired pneumonia: when antibiotics are not enough. ICM. 2009;35:430-438. 
  96. Almirall J, Mesalles E, Klamburg J, et al. Prognostic factors of pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Chest. 1995;107:511-516. 
  97. Rachina SA, Ivanchik NV, Kozlov RS. Microbiology Diagnostics of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Practical pulmonology. 2016;4:40-47. (In Russ.).
  98. Garcia LS, Isenberg HD. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Editor in chief, 3d ed. and 2007 update, L.S. Garcia. 2010; Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2681.
  99. Zakharenkov IA, Rachina SA, Dekhnich NN, et al. Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: results of the first Russian multicenter study. Therapeutic Archive. 2020;92(1):36-42. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.01.000491
  100. Campbell SG, Marrie TJ, Anstey R, et al. The contribution of blood cultures to the clinical management of adult patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study. Chest. 2003;123:1142-1150.
  101. Waterer GW, Wunderink RG. The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures. Respir Med. 2001;95:78-82. 
  102. Metersky ML, Ma A, Bratzler DW, et al. Predicting bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:342-347. 
  103. Dunn JJ, Ginocchio CC. Can newly developed, rapid immunochromatographic antigen detection tests be reliably used for the laboratory diagnosis of influenza virus infections? J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:1790-1796.
  104. Chow EJ, Doyle JD, Uyeki TM. Influenza Virus-Related Critical Illness: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):214.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2491-9
  105. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Temporary guidelines. Version 13 (14/10/2020). (In Russ).
  106. Kashuba AD, Ballow CH. Legionella urinary antigen testing: potential impact on diagnosis and antibiotic therapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;24:129-139. 
  107. Blazquez RM, Espinosa FJ, Martinez-Toldos CM, et al. Sensitivity of urinary antigen test in relation to clinical severity in a large outbreak of Legionella pneumonia in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24:488-491. 
  108. Chuchalin AG, Sinopalnikov AI, Tartakovsky IS, et al. Practical recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of legionella infection caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. A guide for doctors. M. 2009. (In Russ.).
  109. Tartakovsky IS. Diagnostics and prevention of legionellosis. Laboratory diagnostics 2015; Special issue No. 6 «Laboratory of healthcare facilities»: 40-3. (In Russ.).
  110. Harris AM, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM., et al. Rapid urine antigen testing for Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: clinical use and barriers. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79:454-457. 
  111. Sinclair A, Xie X, Teltscher M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of a urine-based pneumococcal antigen test for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:2303-2310.
  112. Horita N, Miyazawa N, Kojima R, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test for unconcentrated urine from adult patients with pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2013;18:1177-1183.
  113. Costantini E, Allara E, Patrucco F, et al. Adherence to Guidelines for Hospitalized Community-Acquired Pneumonia Over Time and Its Impact on Health Outcomes and Mortality. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(7):929-940. 
  114. Piso RJ, Iven-Koller D, Koller MT, et al. The Routine Use of Urinary Pneumococcal Antigen Test in Hospitalised Patients With Community Acquired Pneumonia Has Limited Impact for Adjustment of Antibiotic Treatment. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;142:w13679. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2012.13679
  115. Tyurin IE. Visualization methods. In the book: Respiratory medicine. 2nd ed., Revised and enlarged. Ed. Chuchalina A.G. M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2017;1:245-302. (In Russ.).
  116. Hayden GE, Wrenn KW. Chest radiograph vs. computed tomography scan in the evaluation for pneumonia. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:266-270. 
  117. Self WH, Courtney DM, McNaughton CD, et al. High discordance of chest x-ray and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary opacities in ED patients: implications for diagnosing pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:401-405. 
  118. Claessens YE, Debray MP, Tubach F, et al. Early Chest Computed Tomography Scan to Assist Diagnosis and Guide Treatment Decision for Suspected Community-acquired Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(8):974-982. 
  119. Corrales-Medina VF, Suh KN, Rose G, et al. Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001048.
  120. Fesenko OV, Sinopalnikov A.I. Diseases of the pleura. In the book: Fundamentals of Internal Medicine. In 2 v. T. 1.2 ed., Rev. and add. Ed. Kobalava Zh.D., Maev I.V., Kaprin A.D., et al. M.: OOO «MIA»; 2020;2:265-272. (In Russ.).
  121. Chavez MA, Shams N, Ellington LE, et al. Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2014;15:50. 
  122. Ye X, Xiao H, Chen B, et al. Accuracy of lung ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of adult community-acquired pneumonia: review of the literature and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0130066.
  123. Petrov AA, Safarova AF, Rachina SA, et al. Ultrasound examination of the lungs: methodology and practical issues in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Practical Pulmonology. 2018;3:44-51. (In Russ.).
  124. Efimova VP, Rachina SA, Vatsik MV, et al. Pulmonary ultrasound examination technique: introduction into clinical practice in a multidisciplinary hospital. Edited by Khripun A.I. M. 2019. (In Russ.).
  125. Lichtenstein DA. BLUE-Protocol and FALLS-Protocol: Two applications of lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Chest. 2015;147(6):1659-1670.
  126. Llamas-Álvarez AM, Tenza-Lozano EM, Latour-Pérez J, et al. Accuracy of Lung Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest. 2017;151(2):374-382. 
  127. Meduri GU, Baselski V. The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing nonopportunistic bacterial pneumonia. Chest. 1991;100:179-190. 
  128. Pereira Gomes JC, Pedreira WL Jr Jr, Araujo EM, et al. Impact of BAL in the management of pneumonia with treatment failure: positivity of BAL culture under antibiotic therapy. Chest. 2000;118:1739-1746.
  129. Battleman DS, Callahan M, Thaler HT. Rapid antibiotic delivery and appropriate antibiotic selection reduce length of hospital stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: link between quality of care and resource utilization. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:682-688. 
  130. Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:637-644. 
  131. Lee JS, Giesler DL, Gellad WF, et al. Antibiotic Therapy for Adults Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2016;315(6):593-602. 
  132. Daniel P, Rodrigo C, McKeever TM, et al. Time to first antibiotic and mortality in adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: a matched-propensity analysis. Thorax. 2016;71:568-570. 
  133. Sligl WI, Hoang H, Eurich DT, et al. Macrolide Use in the Treatment of Critically Ill Patients With Pneumonia: Incidence, Correlates, Timing and Outcomes. Can Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2013;24(4):107-112. 
  134. Wiersinga WJ, Bonten MJ, Boersma WG, et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 guideline update from the Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy (SWAB) and Dutch Association of Chest Physicians (NVALT). The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2018;76(1):1-13. 
  135. Liu VX, Fielding-Singh V, Greene JD, et al. The Timing of Early Antibiotics and Hospital Mortality in Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(7):856-863. 
  136. Kozlov RS, Rachina SA, Zakharenko SM. General principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy for patients with infectious diseases. In: Guide to infectious diseases. Ed. Lobzin Yu.V., Zhdanov K.V. 4 ed., add. and revised. SPb.: LLC «Foliant Publishing House»; 2011. (In Russ.).
  137. Boyles TH, Brink A, Calligaro GL, et al. South African guideline for the management of community- acquired pneumonia in adults. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(6):1469-1502.
  138. Rodríguez A, Mendia A, Sirvent JM, et al. CAPUCI Study Group. Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1493-1498.
  139. Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1837-1842.
  140. Martínez JA, Horcajada JP, Almela M, et al. Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:389-395. 
  141. Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP, et al. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with Pneumococcal bacteraemia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:440-444. 
  142. Gattarello S, Borgatta B, Solé-Violán J, et al. Decrease in mortality in severe community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of improving antibiotic strategies (2000—2013). Chest. 2014;146:22-31. 
  143. De la Calle C, Hg T-DLV, Morata L, et al. Effectiveness of combination therapy versus monotherapy with a third-generation cephalosporin in bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: a propensity score analysis. J Infection. 2018;76:342-347. 
  144. Gattarello S, Lagunes L, Vidaur L, et al. Improvement of antibiotic therapy and ICU survival in severe non-pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia: a matched case-control study. Crit Care. 2015;10(19):335. 
  145. Torres A, Garau J, Arvis P, et al. Moxifloxacin monotherapy is effective in hospitalized patients with community-acquiredpneumonia: the MOTIV study — a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(10):1499-1509.
  146. Leroy O, Saux P, Bédos JP, et al. Comparison of levofloxacin and cefotaxime combined with ofloxacin for ICU patients with community-acquired pneumonia who do not require vasopressors. Chest. 2005;128(1):172-183. 
  147. Garnacho-Montero J, Barrero-García I, Gómez-Prieto MG, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: current management and future therapeutic alternatives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018;16(9):667-677. 
  148. Sligl WI, Asadi L, Eurich DT, et al. Macrolides and mortality in critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(2):420-432. 
  149. Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A, et al. Combination antibiotic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(4):612-620. 
  150. Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Waterer GW, et al. Impact of macrolide therapy on mortality for patients with severe sepsis due to pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(1):153-159. 
  151. Lee JH, Kim HJ, Kim YH. Is β-Lactam Plus Macrolide More Effective than β-Lactam Plus Fluoroquinolone among Patients with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia?: a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(1):77-84. 
  152. Paterson DL. «Collateral Damage» From Cephalosporin or Quinolone Antibiotic Therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(suppl 4):341-345. 
  153. Kozlov RS, Golub AV. Ceftaroline — «Sui Generis». Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Chemiother. 2013;2:124-130. (In Russ.).
  154. Sader HS, Flamm RK, Streit JM, et al. Antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents tested against organisms isolated from patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2018;77:82-86. 
  155. Shorr AF, Kollef M, Eckburg PB, et al. Assessment of Ceftaroline Fosamil in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia Due to Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Insights From Two Randomized Trials. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;75(3):298-303. 
  156. Restrepo MI, Babu BL, Reyes LF, et al. Burden and risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia: a multinational point prevalence study of hospitalised patients. Eur Respir J. 2018;9:52(2). pii: 1701190. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01190-201
  157. Gostev V, Kalinogorskaya O, Kruglov A, et al. Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus circulating in the Russian Federation. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;53:189-194. 
  158. Khokhlova OE, Hung WC, Wan TW, et al. Healthcare- and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Fatal Pneumonia with Pediatric Deaths in Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia: Unique MRSA’s Multiple Virulence Factors, Genome, and Stepwise Evolution. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128017.
  159. Loewen K, Schreiber Y, Kirlew M, et al. Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: Literature review and clinical update. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(7):512-520. 
  160. Shindo Y, Sato S, Maruyama E, Ohashi T, Ogawa M, Hashimoto N, Imaizumi K, Sato T, Hasegawa Y. Health-care-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Japanese community hospital. Chest. 2009;135:633-640. 
  161. Prina E, Ranzani OT, Polverino E, Cillóniz C, Ferrer M, Fernandez L, Puig de la Bellacasa J, Menéndez R, Mensa J, Torres A. Risk factors associated with potentially antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12:153-160. 
  162. González-Castillo J, Martín-Sánchez FJ, Llinares P, et al. Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly patient. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2014;27(1):69-86. 
  163. von Baum H, Welte T, Marre R, et al. Communi- ty-acquired pneumonia through Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Diagnosis, incidence and predictors. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:598-605. 
  164. Calbo E, Romaní V, Xercavins M, et al. Risk factors for community-onset urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli harbouring extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:780-783. 
  165. Rodríguez-Baño J, Navarro MD, Romero L, et al. Epidemiology and clinical fea- tures of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactama- se-producing Escherichia coli in non hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:1089-1094.
  166. Torres A, Chalmers JD, Dela Cruz CS, et al. Challenges in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a point-of-view review. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45:159-171. 
  167. Webb BJ, Dascomb K, Stenehjem E, et al. Predicting risk of drug-resistant organisms in pneumonia: moving beyond the HCAP model. Respir Med. 2015;109:1-10. 
  168. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:665-671. 
  169. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Kwan C. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: a case-control study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34:697-702. 
  170. Cesar L, Gonzalez C, Calia FM. Bacteriologic flora of aspiration- induced pulmonary infections. Arch Intern Med. 1975;135:711-714. 
  171. El-Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, et al. Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:1650-1654.
  172. Marik PE, Careau P. The role of anaerobes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia: a prospective study. Chest. 1999;115:178-183. 
  173. Lee N, Choi KW, Chan PK, et al. Outcomes of adults hospitalised with severe influenza. Thorax. 2010;65:510-515. 
  174. McGeer A, Green KA, Plevneshi A, et al. Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network. Antiviral therapy and outcomes of influenza requiring hospitalization in Ontario, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1568-1575.
  175. Dobson J, Whitley RJ, Pocock S, et al. Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of rando- mised controlled trials. Lancet. 2015;385:1729-1737.
  176. Lee EH, Wu C, Lee EU, et al. Fatalities associated with the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus in New York city. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1498-1504.
  177. Siston AM, Rasmussen SA, Honein MA, et al.; Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Pregnancy Working Group. Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA. 2010;303:1517-1525.
  178. Louie JK, Yang S, Acosta M, et al. Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors for critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1198-1204.
  179. Murray RJ, Robinson JO, White JN, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to pandemic A(H1N1)2009 influenzavirus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-infection. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8705.
  180. Self WH, Wunderink RG, Williams DJ, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Community-acquired Pneumonia: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(3):300-309. 
  181. Eljaaly K, Wali H, Basilim A, et al. Clinical cure with ceftriaxone versus ceftaroline or ceftobiprole in the treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;54(2):149-153. 
  182. Hoogewerf M, Oosterheert JJ, Hak E, et al. Prognostic factors for early clinical failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(11):1097-1104.
  183. Oster G, Berger A, Edelsberg J, et al. Initial treatment failure in non-ICU community-acquired pneumonia: risk factors and association with length of stay, total hospital charges, and mortality. J Med Econ. 2013;16(6):809-819. 
  184. Morel J, Casoetto J, Jospe’ R, et al. De-escalation as part of a global strategy of empiric antibiotherapy management: a retrospective study in a medico-surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010;14:R225.
  185. Leone M, Bechis C, Baumstarck K, et al.; AZUREA Network Investigators. De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1399-1408.
  186. Gutierrez-Pizarraya A, Leone M, Garnacho-Montero J, et al. Collaborative approach of individual participant data of prospective studies of de-escalation in non-immunosuppressed critically ill patients with sepsis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10:457-465. 
  187. Dimopoulos G, Matthaiou DK, Karageorgopoulos DE, et al. Short-versus long-course antibacterial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Drugs. 2008;68(13):1841-1854.
  188. Tansarli GS, Mylonakis E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of short-course antibiotic treatments for community- acquired pneumonia in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62:e00635-18. 
  189. Zasowski E, Butterfield JM, McNutt LA, et al. Relationship between time to clinical response and outcomes among Pneumonia Outcomes Research Team (PORT) risk class III and IV hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia who received ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:3804-3813.
  190. Garin N, Felix G, Chuard C, et al. Predictors and implications of early clinical stability in patients hospitalized for moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0157350.
  191. Akagi T, Nagata N, Wakamatsu K, et al. Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Discontinuation Might Shorten the Duration of Antibiotic Treatment Without Increasing Pneumonia Recurrence. Am J Med Sci. 2019;358(1):33-44. 
  192. Montassier E, Javaudin F, Moustafa F, et al. Guideline-Based Clinical Assessment Versus Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Use in Pneumonia: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(4):580-591. 
  193. Murad A, Li PZ, Dial S, Shahin J. The role of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in community-acquired pneumonia. Journal of Critical Care. 2015;30:49-54. 
  194. Besen BAMP, Park M, Ranzani OT. Noninvasive ventilation in critically ill very old patients with pneumonia: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0246072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246072
  195. Charles PGP, Wolfe R, Whitby M, et al. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:375-384. 
  196. Barcroft J, Camis M. The dissociation curve of blood. J Physiol. Wiley-Blackwell. 1909;39(2):118-142. 
  197. Protti A, Andreis DT, Iapichino GE, et al. Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-1308.
  198. Barrot L, Asfar P, Mauny F, Winiszewski H, Montini F, Badie J, Quenot JP, Pili-Floury S, Bouhemad B, Louis G, Souweine B, Collange O, Pottecher J, Levy B, Puyraveau M, Vettoretti L, Constantin JM, Capellier G; LOCO2 Investigators and REVA Research Network. Liberal or Conservative Oxygen Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(11):999-1008.
  199. Tobin MJ. Basing Respiratory Management of Coronavirus on Physiological Principles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202004-1076ED
  200. Yaroshetskiy AI, Avdeev SN, Konanykhin VD. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19: Do All These Patients Definitely Require Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(10):1480-1481. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202007-2713LE
  201. Campbell EJM. The Respiratory Muscles and the Mechanics of Breathing. London: Lloyd-Luke; 1958.
  202. Avdeev SN. Urgent oxygen therapy. Bulletin of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2011;3:42-51. (In Russ.).
  203. Yaroshetskiy AI, Vlasenko AV, Gritsan AI, et al. Non-invasive respiratory support (the second edition). Russian Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2019;6:5-19. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology20190615
  204. Mauri T, Turrini C, Eronia N, Grasselli G, Volta CA, Bellani G, et al. Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:1207-1215.
  205. Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, Girault C, Ragot S, Perbet S, Prat G, Boulain T, Morawiec E, Cottereau A, Devaquet J, Nseir S, Razazi K, Mira JP, Argaud L, Chakarian JC, Ricard JD, Wittebole X, Chevalier S, Herbland A, Fartoukh M, Constantin JM, Tonnelier JM, Pierrot M, Mathonnet A, Béduneau G, Delétage-Métreau C, Richard JC, Brochard L, Robert R; FLORALI Study Group; REVA Network. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185-2196. Epub 2015 May 17. PMID: 25981908. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1503326
  206. Frat JP, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in ARF. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2185-2196.
  207. Frat JP, Ragot S, Girault C, et al. Effect of non-invasive oxygenation strategies in immunocompromised patients with severe acute respiratory failure: a post-hoc analysis of a randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4:646-652. 
  208. Lemiale V, et al. Effect of noninvasive ventilation versus oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure. A RCT. JAMA. 2015;314(16):1711-1719.
  209. Grieco DL, Menga LS, Raggi V, Bongiovanni F, Anzellotti GM, Tanzarella ES, Bocci MG, Mercurio G, Dell’Anna AM, Eleuteri D, Bello G, Maviglia R, Conti G, Maggiore SM, Antonelli M. Physiological Comparison of High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(3):303-312.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0841OC
  210. Patel BK, Wolfe KS, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP. Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation Delivered by Helmet vs Face Mask on the Rate of Endotracheal Intubation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2435-2441. PMID: 27179847; PMCID: PMC4967560  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6338
  211. L’Her E, Deye N, Lellouche F, Taille S, Demoule A, Fraticelli A, Mancebo J, Brochard L. Physiologic effects of noninvasive ventilation during acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(9):1112-1118. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200402-226OC
  212. Cosentini R, Brambilla AM, Aliberti S, Bignamini A, Nava S, Maffei A, Martinotti R, Tarsia P, Monzani V, Pelosi P. Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs oxygen therapy to improve oxygenation in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, controlled trial. Chest. 2010;138(1):114-120.  https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2290
  213. Brambilla AM, Aliberti S, Prina E, Nicoli F, Del Forno M, Nava S, Ferrari G, Corradi F, Pelosi P, Bignamini A, Tarsia P, Cosentini R. Helmet CPAP vs. oxygen therapy in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(7):942-949.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-014-3325-5
  214. Ferreyro BL, Angriman F, Munshi L, Del Sorbo L, Ferguson ND, Rochwerg B, Ryu MJ, Saskin R, Wunsch H, da Costa BR, Scales DC. Association of Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategies With All-Cause Mortality in Adults With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(1):57-67.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9524
  215. Carteaux G, Millán-Guilarte T, De Prost N, Razazi K, Abid S, Thille AW, Schortgen F, Brochard L, Brun-Buisson C, Mekontso Dessap A. Failure of Noninvasive Ventilation for De Novo Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Role of Tidal Volume. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(2):282-290.  https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001379
  216. Frat JP, Ragot S, Coudroy R, Constantin JM, Girault C, Prat G, Boulain T, Demoule A, Ricard JD, Razazi K, Lascarrou JB, Devaquet J, Mira JP, Argaud L, Chakarian JC, Fartoukh M, Nseir S, Mercat A, Brochard L, Robert R, Thille AW; REVA network. Predictors of Intubation in Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Treated With a Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategy. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(2):208-215.  https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002818
  217. Thille AW, Yoshida T. High Pressure versus High Flow: What Should We Target in Acute Respiratory Failure? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(3):265-266.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201911-2196ED
  218. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, Rossi F, Bombino M. Pressure — volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure. Computed tomographic scan study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136(3):730-736. 
  219. Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Vitale G, Pesenti A, D’Andrea L, Mascheroni D. Body position changes redistribute lung computed-tomographic density in patients with acute respiratory failure. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:15-23. 
  220. Gattinoni L, Meissner K and Marini J. The baby lung and the COVID-19 era. Intensive Care Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06103-5
  221. Scaravilli V, Grasselli G, Castagna L, Zanella A, Isgro S, Lucchini A, Patroniti N, Bellani G, Pesenti A. Prone positioning improves oxygenation in spontaneously breathing non-intubated patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a retrospective study. J Crit Care. 2015;30:1390-1394.
  222. Guerin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, Beuret P, Gacouin A, Boulain T, Mercier E, Badet M, Mercat A, Baudin O, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(23):2159-2168.
  223. Munshi L, Del Sorbo L, Adhikari NKJ, Hodgson CL, Wunsch H, Meade MO, Uleryk E, Mancebo J, Pesenti A, Ranieri VM, Fan E. Prone Position for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(suppl 4):280-288.  https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201704-343OT
  224. Valter C, Christensen AM, Tollund C, et al. Response to the prone position in spontaneously breathing patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:416-418. 
  225. Ding L, Wang L, Ma W, He H. Efficacy and safety of early prone positioning combined with HFNC or NIV in moderate to severe ARDS: a multi-center prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):28.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2738-5
  226. Sun Q, Qiu H, Huang M, et al. Lower mortality of COVID-19 by early recognition and intervention from Jiangsu Province. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10:33. 
  227. Caputo ND, Strayer RJ, Levitan R. Early self-proning in awake, non-intubated patients in the emergency department: a single ED’s experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad Emerg Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13994
  228. Dreyfuss D, Djedaini K, Lanore JJ, Mier L, Froidevaux R, Coste F. A comparative study of the effects of almitrine bismesylate and lateral position during unilateral bacterial pneumonia with severe hypoxemia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146(2):295-299.  https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/146.2.295
  229. Confalonieri M, Potena A, Carbone G, Della Porta R, Tolley E, Meduri G. Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1585-1591.
  230. Jolliet P, Abajo B, Pasquina P, Chevrolet JC. Non-invasive pressure support ventilation in severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27:812-821. 
  231. Domenighetti G, Gayer R, Gentilini R. Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in non-COPD patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and severe community-acquired pneumonia: acute effects and outcome. Intensive Care Med. 2001;28:1226-1232.
  232. Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M, Gonzalez G, Alarcon A, Torres A. Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;168:1438-1444.
  233. Carrillo A, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Ferrer M, Martinez-Quintana ME, Lopez-Martinez A, Llamas N, Alcazar M, Torres A. Non-invasive ventilation in community-acquired pneumonia and severe acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(3):458-466.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-012-2475-6
  234. Cilloniz C, et al. Invasive mechanical ventilation in community acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2013;44(suppl 58):P4932.
  235. Ferrer M, Travierso C, Cilloniz C, Gabarrus A, Ranzani OT, Polverino E, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Characteristics and prognostic factors in ventilated and non-ventilated patients. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0191721.
  236. Wilson PA, Ferguson J. Severe community‐acquired pneumonia: an Australian perspective. Internal medicine journal. 2005;35(12):699-705. 
  237. Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: Lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:294-323. 
  238. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Valenza F. Bench-to-bedside review: chest wall elastance in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care. 2004;8(5):350-355.  https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2854
  239. ARDS Network. Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-1308.
  240. Briel M, et al. Higher vs Lower Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Patients With Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2010;303(9):865-873. 
  241. Kohno S, Seki M, Takehara K, Yamada Y, Kubo K, Ishizaka A, Soma K. Prediction of requirement for mechanical ventilation in community-acquired pneumonia with acute respiratory failure: a multicenter prospective study. Respiration. 2013;85(1):27-35.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000335466
  242. Brochard L, Slutsky A, Pesenti A. Mechanical ventilation to minimize progression of lung injury in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(4):438-442. 
  243. Tonelli R, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Castaniere I, Pisani L, Pellegrino MR, et al. Inspiratory effort assessment by esophageal manometry early predicts noninvasive ventilation outcome in de novo respiratory failure: a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;10:2512OC.
  244. Apigo M, Schechtman J, Dhliwayo N, et al. Development of a work of breathing scale and monitoring need of intubation in COVID-19 pneumonia. Crit Care. 2020;24:477.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03176-y
  245. Demoule A, Jung B, Prodanovic H, Molinari N, Chanques G, Coirault C, Matecki S, Duguet A, Similowski T, Jaber S. Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact-a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(2):213-219.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201209-1668OC
  246. Neil R. MacIntyre. Indications for mechanical ventilation. In: Oxford Textbook Of Critical Care. Eds: Webb A, Angus D, Finfer S, Gattinoni L and Singer M. Oxford University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0091
  247. Behazin N, Jones SB, Cohen RI, Loring SH. Respiratory restriction and elevated pleural and esophageal pressures in morbid obesity. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108:212-218. 
  248. Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, Caironi P, Valenza F, Polli F, Tallarini F, Cozzi P, Cressoni M, Colombo A, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(4):346-355.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200710-1589OC
  249. Hraiech S, Alingrin J, Dizier S, Brunet J, Forel JM, La Scola B, et al. Time to intubation is associated with outcome in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2013;8:e74937.
  250. Kangelaris KN, Ware LB, Wang CY, et al. Timing of intubation and clinical outcomes in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(1):120-129. 
  251. Kang BJ, Koh Y, Lim CM, Huh JW, Baek S, Han M, et al. Failure of high-flow nasal cannula therapy may delay intubation and increase mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:623-632. 
  252. Brochard L, Lefebvre JC, Cordioli RL, Akoumianaki E, Richard JC. Noninvasive ventilation for patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;35(4):492-500.  https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1383863
  253. Demoule A, Chevret S, Carlucci A, Kouatchet A, Jaber S, Meziani F, Schmidt M, Schnell D, Clergue C, Aboab J, Rabbat A, Eon B, Guérin C, Georges H, Zuber B, Dellamonica J, Das V, Cousson J, Perez D, Brochard L, Azoulay E; oVNI Study Group; REVA Network (Research Network in Mechanical Ventilation). Changing use of noninvasive ventilation in critically ill patients: trends over 15 years in francophone countries. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(1):82-92.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-4087-4
  254. Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Suter PM, Pedoto A, Vercesi P, Lissoni A. Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Different syndromes? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(1):3-11.  https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9708031
  255. Rouby JJ, et al. Selecting the right level of positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:1182-1186.
  256. Albaiceta G, et al. Differences in the deflation limb of the pressure-volume curves in acute respiratory distress syndrome from pulmonary and extrapulmonary origin. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:1943-1949.
  257. Yaroshetskiy AI, Protsenko DN, Boytsov PV, et al. Optimum level of positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09: balance between maximal end-expiratory volume and minimal alveolar overdistension. Anesteziologiya i Reanimatologiya. 2016;61(6):425-432. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18821/0201-7563-2016-6-425-432
  258. Amato MBP, et al. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:747-755. 
  259. Cavalcanti AB, et al. Effect of Lung Recruitment and Titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs LowPEEP on Mortality in Patients With ARDS. A RCT. JAMA. 2017;318(14):1335-1345. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.14171
  260. Dessap AM, Viellard-Baron A, et al. Acute cor pulmonale during protective ventilation: prevalence, predictors and clinical impact. Intensive Care Med.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-4141-2
  261. Combes A, et al Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1965-1975.
  262. Patroniti N, Bonatti G, Senussi T, Robba C. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory monitoring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory support. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(19):386. 
  263. Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002;288:862-871. 
  264. Cronin L, Cook D, Carlet J, et al. Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:1430-1439.
  265. Martin-Loeches I, Torres A. Corticosteroids for CAP, influenza and COVID-19: when, how and benefits or harm? Eur Respir Rev. 2021;30:200346. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0346-2020
  266. Chen LP, Chen JH, Chen Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Emerg Med. 2015;6:172-178. 
  267. Siemieniuk RA, Meade MO, Alonso-Coello P, et al. Corticosteroid Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:519-528. 
  268. Wan YD, Sun TW, Liu ZQ, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Corticosteroids for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest. 2016;149:209-219. 
  269. Mismetti P, Laporte-Simitsidis S, Tardy B, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in internal medicine with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparins: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83:14-19. 
  270. Frenck RW Jr, Gurtman A, Rubino J, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered concomitantly with an influenza vaccine in healthy adults. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(8):1296-1303.
  271. Schwarz TF, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given concomitantly with trivalent influenza vaccine in adults aged ≥65 years. Vaccine. 2011;29(32):5195-5202.
  272. Ofori-Anyinam O, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine co-administered with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine versus separate administration, in adults ≥50years of age: Results from a phase III, randomized, non-inferiority trial. Vaccine. 2017;35(46):6321-6328.
  273. Stacey HL, Rosen J, Peterson JT, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-15) compared to PCV-13 in healthy older adults. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics. 2019;15(3):530-539.  https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1532249
  274. Klein NP, Peyrani P, Yacisin C, et al. A phase 3, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of 3 lots of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in pneumococcal vaccine-naive adults 18 through 49 years of age. Vaccine. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.004
  275. Chuchalin AG, Sinopalnikov AI, Kozlov RS, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Practical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention (manual for doctors). Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;12:186-225. (In Russ.).
  276. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults — update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64(suppl III):iii1-55. 
  277. Bonten MJM, et al. Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine against Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Adults. The new England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372:1114-1125.
  278. McLaughlin J, Jiang Q, Isturiz RE, et al. Effectiveness of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Against Hospitalization for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Older US Adults: A Test-Negative Design. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Link is external. Accessed May 22, 2018. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cid/ciy312
  279. Baldo V, Cocchio S, Gallo T, et al. Pneumococcal Conjugated Vaccine Reduces the High Mortality for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Elderly: an Italian Regional Experience. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166637.
  280. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/adult/adult-combined-schedule.pdf
  281. Kozlov RS, Avdeev SN, Briko NI, et al. Vactination against pneumococcal infections in adults. Resolution of the expert counsil (Moscow, 16 December 2017). Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;20(1):5-18. (In Russ.).
  282. National vaccination calendar and vaccination schedule for epidemic indications. Order 125-N of the Health Ministry of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2014. No. (Additions dated July 04, 2016 Order No. 370n). (In Russ.).
  283. Vaccine prophylaxis of pneumococcal infection. Federal clinical guidelines. M. 2015. (In Russ.).
  284. https://www.rosminzdrav.ru/poleznye-resursy/rekomendatsii-po-vaktsinatsii-beremennyhzhenschin. Постановление Главного государственного санитарного врача Российской Федерации от 25 июня 2018 г. №38, Москва «О мероприятиях по профилактике гриппа и острых респираторных вирусных инфекций в эпидемическом сезоне 2018—2019 годов». https://org.ru/2018/07/25/profilaktika-dok.html
  285. Cangemi R, Calvieri C, Falcone M, et al. Relation of Cardiac Complications in the Early Phase of Community-Acquired Pneumonia to Long-Term Mortality and Cardiovascular Events. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(4):647-651. 
  286. Rastrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Rello J, Brody J, Anzueto A. Late Admission to the ICU in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Is Associated With Higher Mortality. Chest. 2010;137(3):552-557. 
  287. Salih W, Schembri S, Chalmers JD. Simplification of the IDSA/ATS criteria for severe CAP using meta-analysis and observational data. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:842-851 
  288. Kontou P, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society criteria to predict severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(8):968-974. 
  289. Phua J, See KC, Chan YH, Widjaja LS, Aung NW, Ngerng WJ, Lim TK.Validation and clinical implications of the IDSA/ATS minor criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009;64(7):598-603. 
  290. Liapikou A, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Balasso V, Esperatti M, Piñer R, Mensa J, Luque N, Ewig S, Menendez R, Niederman MS, Torres A. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society guidelines to predict an intensive care unit admission. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(4):377-385. 
  291. Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Mandal P, Choudhury G, Singanayagam A, Akram AR, Hill AT. Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoratic Society minor criteria for intensive care unit admission in community-acquired pneumonia patients without major criteria or contraindications to intensive care unit care. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(6):503-511. 
  292. Robins-Browne KL, Cheng AC, Thomas KA, Palmer DJ, Currie BJ, Davis JS. The SMART-COP score performs well for pneumonia risk stratification in Australia’s Tropical Northern Territory: a prospective cohort study. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;17(7):914-919. 
  293. Ehsanpoor B, Vahidi E, Seyedhosseini J, Jahanshir A. Validity of SMART-COP score in prognosis and severity of community acquired pneumonia in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(8):1450-1454.
  294. Fukuyama H, Ishida T, Tachibana H, et al. Validation of scoring systems for predicting severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intern Med. 2011;50(18):1917-1922.
  295. Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, et al. Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:8:762-774. 
  296. Tokioka F, Okamoto H, Yamazaki A, Itou A, Ishida T. The prognostic performance of qSOFA for community-acquired pneumonia. J Intensive Care. 2018;6:46. 
  297. Morris A. ACP Journal Club. Review: CURB65, CRB65, and Pneumonia Severity Index similarly predict mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(8):JC4-13. 
  298. Murillo-Zamora E, Medina-González A, Zamora-Pérez L, Vázquez-Yáñez A, Guzmán-Esquivel J, Trujillo-Hernández B. Performance of the PSI and CURB-65 scoring systems in predicting 30-day mortality in healthcare-associated pneumonia. Med Clin (Barc). 2018;150(3):99-103. 
  299. Renaud B, Coma E, Hayon J, Gurgui M, Longo C, Blancher M, Jouannic I, Betoulle S, Roupie E, Fine MJ; PNEUMOCOM study investigators. Investigation of the ability of the Pneumonia Severity Index to accurately predict clinically relevant outcomes: a European study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(9):923-931. 
  300. Zaytsev AA, Ovchinnikov YuV, Kondrat’eva TV. An analysis of diagnostic values of prognostic tools for community-acquired pneumonia in young patients in a closed community. Pulmonologiya. 2014;(5):67-72. (In Russ.).
  301. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58:377-382. 
  302. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243-250. 
  303. Fesenko OV, Sinopalnikov AI. Modern Assessment Scores for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Perspectives and Limitations. Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Chemither. 2011;13(3):204-213. (In Russ.).
  304. Rudnov VA, Fesenko AA, Drozd AV. Comparative Predictive Value of the Severity Assessment Tools in ICU Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Chemither. 2007;4(9):330-336. (In Russ.).
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.