OBJECTIVE
To determine factors associated with the development of small vessel disease (SVD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
One hundred and fifty-two patients with risk factors for the development of cerebrovascular diseases were examined. Based on the results of polysomnography, patients were divided into groups with- (n=84) and without (n=68) OSA. The groups were matched by age, prevalence of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. SVD was diagnosed using brain MRI. Laboratory tests included an assessment of parameters of lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), levels of homocysteine and creatinine with the calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
RESULTS
Patients with OSA, compared with those without OSA, were characterized by a statistically significant number of gliosis foci, with their large sizes, more frequent changes on the Fazekas scales and the Hassan scale. The most severe degree of damage according to the Hassan scale in patients with OSA was detected more often (55 (66%) and 27 (39%) OR=2.89, 95% CI 1.47—5.67, p=0.002). More pronounced atrophic changes in the brain, an increase in the size of the III ventricle and the index of the anterior horns, significantly lower GFR and higher levels of CRP were noted in the OSA group. Patients with OSA and duration of nocturnal hypoxia for more than 2 minutes were more likely to have hyperintensity of subcortical regions. In patients with OSAS, pronounced manifestations of SMD were associated with a significantly higher level of morning systolic blood pressure (MAP): 140 [120; 150] vs. 127 [120; 130] p=0.029; increased levels of blood homocysteine: 14 [11; 17.8] vs. 13 [9.7; 12.5] p=0.049; a decrease in GFR: 79 [71; 87.3] vs. 89.8 [80.3; 94] p=0.002, respectively.
CONCLUSION
OSA and intermittent nocturnal hypoxia are independent risk factors for SMD. A more severe micro-focal vascular lesion in OSA is associated with a decrease in renal filtration function, an increase in morning blood pressure and an elevation in homocysteine level.
