Monitoring and evaluation of tobacco control policies: International practices. Part 2. Evaluation of tobacco control measures based on population surveys (continued)

Close metadata

Tobacco smoking is a global problem, and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) is oriented to its overcoming all over the world. The extent to which political and legislative measures can reduce the smoking prevalence, as well as morbidity and mortality from tobacco-related diseases, can be determined by systematic monitoring and evaluation of implementation and efficacy of tobacco control interventions. There is a considerable global experience in assessing the efficacy of tobacco control policies. This series of three articles summarizes the international evaluation experience of tobacco control policies worldwide, based on the WHO statistics (part 1), the results of population studies (part 1, 2) and the results of investigations using prognostic models and methodologies of natural experiments (part 3). This article presents the international experience in assessing the implementation of WHO FCTC measures, based on the results of population studies. The experience of evaluation of information and communication policy, restriction of tobacco advertising and promotion, delivery of care to smokers to quit smoking are presented.

Keywords:

tobacco control policies

tobacco control legislative measures

monitoring and evaluation of tobacco control measures

monitoring and evaluation of tobacco control policies

monitoring and evaluation of legislative practices

population surveys

evaluation of information-communication policies

health warnings

evaluation of banning of TAPS

offering help for smoking cessation

Authors:

Gambaryan M.G.

National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine

SPIN RSCI: 9630-8272
Scopus AuthorID: 6507258607
ORCID: 0000-0003-4018-8645

Received:

13.02.2023

Accepted:

04.05.2023

List of references:

Trofor AC, Papadakis S, Lotrean LM, Radu-Loghin C, Eremia M, Mihaltan F, Driezen P, Kyriakos CN, Mons U, Demjén T, Nogueira SO, Fernández E, Tountas Y, Przewoźniak K, McNeill A, Fong GT, Vardavas CI; EUREST-PLUS consortium. Knowledge of the health risks of smoking and impact of cigarette warning labels among tobacco users in six European countries: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2018;16:A10. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/99542
Nogueira SO, McNeill A, Fu M, Kyriakos CN, Mons U, Fernández E, Zatoński WA, Trofor AC, Demjén T, Tountas Y, Przewoźniak K, Quah ACK, Fong GT, Hitchman SC, Vardavas CI; EUREST-PLUS consortium. Impact of anti-smoking advertising on health-risk knowledge and quit attempts across 6 European countries from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Survey. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2018;16:A5. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/96251
Yang J, Hammond D, Pete Driezen P, Fong GT, Jiang Y. Health knowledge and perception of risks among Chinese smokers and non-smokers: findings from the wave 1 ITC China survey. Tobacco Control. 2010;19(suppl 2):18-23. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.029710
Reid JL, Mutti-Packer S, Gupta PC, Li Q, Yuan J, Nargis N, Hussain AKMG, Hammond D. Influence of health warnings on beliefs about the health effects of cigarette smoking, in the context of an experimental study in four asian countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(8):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080868
Elton-Marshall T, Xu SS, Meng G, Quah AC, Sansone GC, Feng G, Jiang Y, Driezen P, Omar M, Awang R, Fong GT. The lower effectiveness of text-only health warnings in China compared to pictorial health warnings in Malaysia. Tobacco Control. 2015;24:iv6-13. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052616
Yong HH, Fong GT, Driezen P, Borland R, Quah AC, Sirirassamee B, Hamann S, Omar M. Adult smokers’ reactions to pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packs in Thailand and moderating effects of type of cigarette smoked: findings from the International tobacco control Southeast Asia survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2013;15:1339-1347. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts241
Chiosi JJ, Andes L, Asma S, Palipudi K, McAfee T; GATS Regional and Country Authors; On behalf of the GATS Collaborative Group. Warning about the harms of tobacco use in 22 countries: findings from a cross-sectional household survey. Tobacco Control. 2016;25:393-401. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052047
Noar SM, Francis DB, Bridges C, Sontag JM, Ribisl KM, Brewer NT. The impact of strengthening cigarette pack warnings: systematic review of longitudinal observational studies. Social Science and Medicine. 2016;164:118-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.011
Borland R, Wilson N, Fong GT, Hammond D, Cummings KM, Yong HH, Hosking W, Hastings G, Thrasher J, McNeill A. Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years. Tobacco Control. 2009;18:358-364. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.028043
Li L, Fathelrahman AI, Borland R, Omar M, Fong GT, Quah AC, Sirirassamee B, Yong HH. Impact of graphic pack warnings on adult smokers’ quitting activities: findings from the ITC Southeast Asia survey (2005—2014). Journal of Smoking Cessation. 2016;11:124-134. https://doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2015.21
Hammond D, Fong GT, McNeill A, Borland R, Cummings KM. Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International tobacco control (ITC) four country survey. Tobacco Control. 2006;15:iii1925. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.012294
Noar SM, Hall MG, Francis DB, Ribisl KM, Pepper JK, Brewer NT. Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tobacco Control. 2016;25:341-354. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978
Gravely S, Fong GT, Driezen P, McNally M, Thrasher JF, Thompson ME, Boado M, Bianco E, Borland R, Hammond D. The impact of the 2009/2010 enhancement of cigarette health warning labels in Uruguay: longitudinal findings from the International tobacco control (ITC) Uruguay survey. Tobacco Control. 2016;25:89-95. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051742
Yong HH, Borland R, Thrasher JF, Thompson ME, Nagelhout GE, Fong GT, Hammond D, Cummings KM. Mediational pathways of the impact of cigarette warning labels on quit attempts. Health Psychology. 2014;33: 1410-1420. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000056
Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Cameron R, Brown KS. Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behaviour. Tobacco Control. 2003;12:391-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.4.391
Hammond D, McDonald PW, Fong GT, Brown KS, Cameron R. The impact of cigarette warning labels and smoke-free bylaws on smoking cessation: evidence from former smokers. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2004; 95:201-204.
Huang J, Chaloupka FJ, Fong GT. Cigarette graphic warning labels and smoking prevalence in Canada: a critical examination and reformulation of the FDA regulatory impact analysis. Tobacco Control. 2014;23:7-12. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051170
Ngo A, Cheng KW, Shang C, Huang J, Chaloupka FJ. Global Evidence on the Association between Cigarette Graphic Warning Labels and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence and Consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018;15:421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030421
Shang C, Huang J, Cheng K-W, He Y, Chaloupka, FJ. The Association between Warning Label Requirements and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence by Education-Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14:98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010098
National Cancer Institute. The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use. Tobacco Control Monograph. Vol 19. No. 07-6242. Bethesda, Maryland: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute; 2008.
Chaloupka F, Warner K. The economics of smoking. In: Culyer AJ, Newhouse JP, eds. Handbook of Health Economics. New York: Elsevier; 2000; 1539-1627.
Saffer H, Chaloupka F. The effect of tobacco advertising bans on tobacco consumption. Journal of Health Economics. 2000;19(6):1117-1137. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11186847/
Levy DT, Chaloupka F, Gitchell J. The effects of tobacco control policies on smoking rates: a tobacco control scorecard. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice: JPHMP. 2004;10(4):338-353. https://doi.org/10.1097/00124784-200407000-00011
Blecher E. The impact of tobacco advertising bans on consumption in developing countries. Journal of Health Economics. 2008;27(4):930-942. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18440661/
Saffer H. Tobacco advertising and promotion. In: Jha P, Chaloupka FJ, eds. Tobacco control in developing countries. Oxford, Oxford University Press; 2000;215-236.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult awareness of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship — 14 countries. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2012;61:365-369.
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2013: Enforcing Bans on Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship. Accessed May 25, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241505871
Saffer H, Chaloupka F. The effect of tobacco advertising bans on tobacco consumption. Journal of Health Economics. 2000;19(6):1117-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(00)00054-0
Filippidis FT, Laverty AA, Fernández E, Mons U, Tigova O, Vardavas CI. Correlates of self-reported exposure to advertising of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes across 28 European Union member states. Tobacco Control. 2017;26(e2):130-133. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053479
Kahnert S, Demjén T, Tountas Y, Trofor A, Przewoźniak K, Zatónski WA, Fernández E, McNeill A, Willemsen M, Kyriakos CN, Fong GT, Vardavas C, Mons U; EUREST-PLUS Consortium. Extent and correlates of self-reported exposure to tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship in smokers: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2018;16(2):7. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/94828
Joossens L, Raw M. The Tobacco Control Scale 2016 in Europe. Brussels: Association of European Cancer Leagues; 2017. https://www.tobaccocontrolscale.org/
Attitudes of Europeans towards Tobacco. Special Eurobarometer 385. European Commission; May 2012.
Clattenburg EJ, Elf JL, Apelberg BJ. Unplanned cigarette purchases and tobacco point of sale advertising: a potential barrier to smoking cessation. Tobacco Control. 2013;22(6):376-381. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050427
Paynter J, Edwards R. The impact of tobacco promotion at the point of sale: A systematic review. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2009;11(1):25-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntn002
Robertson L, McGee R, Marsh L, Hoek J. A Systematic Review on the Impact of Point-of-Sale Tobacco Promotion on Smoking. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2015;17(1):2-17. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu168
Gambaryan MG, Kontsevaya AV, Popovich MV, Starovoytov ML, Drapkina OM. Assessment of the implementation of legislative restrictions on tobacco retailers and point-of-sale tobacco display bans based on a literature review and results from Russian tobacco control policy evaluation survey EPOHA-RF. Profilakticheskaya meditsina. 2022;25(12):21-31. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/profmed20222512121
Polanska K, Kaleta D. Tobacco and E-Cigarettes Point of Sale Advertising — Assessing Compliance with Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship Bans in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(4):1976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041976
Kahnert S, Driezen P, Balmford J, Kyriakos CN, Demjén T, Fernández E, Katsaounou PA, Trofor AC, Przewoźniak K, Zatoński WA, Fong GT, Vardavas CI, Mons U; EUREST-PLUS Consortium. Impact of the Tobacco Products Directive on self-reported exposure to, e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship in smokers-findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. European Journal of Public Health. 2020;30(suppl 3):55-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa055
Pasch KE, Nicksic NE, Opara SC, Jackson C, Harrell MB, Perry CL. Recall of Point-of-Sale Marketing Predicts Cigar and E-Cigarette Use Among Texas Youth. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2018;20(8):962-969. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx237
Mantey DS, Pasch KE, Loukas A, Perry CL. Exposure to Point-of-Sale Marketing of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes as Predictors of Smoking Cessation Behaviors. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2019;21(2):212-219. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx246
Piné-Abata H, McNeill A, Raw M, Bitton A, Rigotti N, Murray R. A survey of tobacco dependence treatment guidelines in 121 countries. Addiction. 2013;108(8):1470-1475. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12158
Nilan K, Raw M, McKeever TM, Murray RL, McNeill A. Progress in implementation of WHO FCTC Article 14 and its guidelines: a survey of tobacco dependence treatment provision in 142 countries. Addiction. 2017;112(11): 2023-2031. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13903
West R, Raw M, McNeill A, Stead L, Aveyard P, Bitton J, Stapleton J, McRobbie H, Pokhrel S, Lester-George A, Borland R. Health-care interventions to promote and assist tobacco cessation: a review of efficacy, effectiveness and affordability for use in, national guideline development. Addiction. 2015;110(9):1388-1403. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12998
Filippidis FT, Gerovasili V, Vardavas CI, Agaku IT, Tountas Y. Determinants of use of smoking cessation aids in 27 European countries. Preventive Medicine. 2014;65:99-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.004
Hummel K, Nagelhout GE, Fong GT, Vardavas CI, Papadakis S, Herbeć A, Mons U, van den Putte B, Borland R, Fernández E, de Vries H, McNeill A, Gravely S, Przewoźniak K, Kovacs P, Trofor AC, Willemsen MC. Quitting activity and use of cessation assistance reported by smokers in eight European countries: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2018;16(suppl 2):A6. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/98912
Papadakis S, Katsaounou P, Kyriakos CN, Balmford J, Tzavara C, Girvalaki C, Driezen P, Filippidis FT, Herbeć A, Hummel K, McNeill A, Mons U, Fernández E, Fu M, Trofor AC, Demjén T, Zatoński WA, Willemsen M, Fong GT, Vardavas CI; EUREST-PLUS consortium. Quitting behaviours and cessation methods used in eight European Countries in 2018: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. European Journal of Public Health. 2020;30(suppl 3):26-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa082
Hedman L, Katsaounou PA, Filippidis FT, Ravara SB, Lindberg A, Janson C, Gratziou C, Rohde G, Kyriakos CN, Mons U, Fernández E, Trofor AC, Demjén T, Przewoźniak K, Tountas Y, Fong GT, Vardavas CI; EUREST-PLUS consortium. Receiving support to quit smoking and quit attempts among smokers with and without smoking related diseases: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2018; 16(2):14. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/102787
Filippidis FT, Laverty AA, Mons U, Jimenez-Ruiz C, Vardavas CI. Changes in smoking cessation assistance in the European Union between 2012 and 2017: pharmacotherapy versus counselling versus e-cigarettes. Tobacco Control. 2019;28(1):95-100.
Gravely S, Cummings KM, Hammond D, Borland R, McNeill A, East KA, Loewen R, Martin N, Yong HH, Li L, Liber A, Levy DT, Quah ACK, Ouimet J, Hitchman SC, Thompson ME, Boudreau C, Fong GT. Self-Reported Quit Aids and Assistance Used By Smokers At Their Most, Recent Quit Attempt: Findings from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2021;23(10): 1699-1707. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab068

Close metadata