Lost anatomical structure — pharyngeal pituitary gland (Hypophysis pharyngealis or Erdheim pituitary gland): a review and case report

Pharyngeal pituitary gland is a glandular structure located along the path of Rathke’s pouch (along the midline under mucous membrane of the nasopharynx near the lower wall of sphenoid bone). The purpose of this study was to examine literature data on anatomy and physiology of pharyngeal pituitary gland, its possible relationship with extracranial ectopic pituitary adenomas, as well as to describe appropriate patient. Literary data confirm pharyngeal pituitary gland as a permanent human anatomical structure capable of release of all hormones similar to those of anterior pituitary gland. Functional significance of pharyngeal pituitary gland is unknown. However, it may be a source of ectopic adenomas in nasopharynx and skull base. These data are important for diagnosis in patients with endocrine disorders associated with malformations and ectopic pituitary adenomas.