Resume The development of E. Kretschmer’s concept of temperaments throughout fifty years is analyzed. The small changes in terminology that occurred in the fourth edition of «Body type and character» took place due to the introducing E. Bleuler’s termin «synton» for the intermediate affective states of healthy cyclothymic temperaments and E. Kretschmer’s termin “leptosom” for the body type that before was delineated as “asthenic”. However, the transition from the systematics with 3 types of physique and corresponding 2 types of mental constitutions to the systematics, including separate temperament of athletic physique («viscous»), took place much later. This was preceded by the delineation of epileptic mental constitution by E. Bleuler (1916) and the description of epileptoid constitution. The clinical descriptions of cycloid and schizoid temperaments as the descriptions of corresponding «healthy» constitutional types of cyclothyms and schizothyms in the monograph «Body type and character» has not changed till the last lifetime edition of the author.