Changes in walking in the elderly

Damulin I.V.

doi:https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811821100-104

Close metadata

Abstract:

The article addresses gait disturbances in the elderly. It emphasizes that the system that maintains the balance in resting conditions and gait is based on the hierarchical principle and its function depends on the maintenance of integration between vestibular, visual and somatosensory information as well as on cognitive functions. Walking depends on the integrity of frontal-subcortical neuronal circles that support regulatory functions. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of age-related disturbances of balance and gait are a decrease in the efficacy of spinal motorneurons activation caused by Ia-afferentation, a decrease in cortical activation and excitability of corticospinal pathways and in the intensity of intracortical inhibition. The causes of age-related changes in walking are not confined to a single system (e.g., one sensory modality) but have a multisystem character and are involved in many structures. The author analyses the results of recent studies that use functional neuroimaging methods.

Keywords:

human walking in the elderly

supraspinal locomotor control

sensorimotor interactions

resting state activity of the brain

Authors:

Damulin I.V.

kafedra nervnykh bolezneĭ Moskovskoĭ meditsinskoĭ akademii im. I.M. Sechenova

Close metadata

References:

Moraes R, Mauerberg-deCastro E. Complex systems approach to the study of posture and locomotion in older people. In: Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults. The Role of Aging and Movement Disorders. Barbieri F.A., Vitorio R. Ch. 1. Cham: Springer; 2017.
Mochizuki L, Aliberti S. Gait stability and aging. In: Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults. The Role of Aging and Movement Disorders. Eds. Barbieri F.A., Vitorio R. Ch. 4. Cham: Springer; 2017.
Leisman G, Moustafa A, Shafir T. Thinking, walking, talking: integratory motor and cognitive brain function. Frontiers in Public Health. 2016;4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00094
la Fougere C, Zwergal A, Rominger A, Forster S, Fesl G, Dieterich M, Brandt T, Strupp M, Bartenstein P, Jahn K. Real versus imagined locomotion: A [18F]-FDG PET-fMRI comparison. Neuro Image. 2010;50(4):1589-1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.060
Montero-Odasso M. Cognition, gait disorders, and fall risk in healthy neurological older individuals. In: Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults. The Role of Aging and Movement Disorders. Eds. Barbieri F.A., Vitorio R. Ch. 7. Cham: Springer; 2017.
Sebastiao E, de Melo Coelho FG, Nascimento CMC, de Andrade LP, Pereira JR, Gobbi S. The walking ability in healthy older adults: the role of aging and physical activity and its interface with agility, balance, cognition, and risk of falls. In: Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults. The Role of Aging and Movement Disorders. Eds. Barbieri F.A., Vitorio R. Ch. 6. Cham: Springer; 2017.
van Dieen JH, Pijnappels M. Balance control in older adults. In: Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults. The Role of Aging and Movement Disorders. Eds. Barbieri F.A., Vitorio R. Ch. 16. Cham: Springer; 2017.
Zwergal A, Linn J, Xiong G, Brandt T, Strupp M, Jahn K. Aging of human supraspinal locomotor and postural control in fMRI. Neurobiology of Aging. 2012;33(6):1073-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.022
Papegaaij S, Hortobagyi T. Age-related changes in the neural control of standing balance. In: Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults. The Role of Aging and Movement Disorders. Eds. Barbieri F.A., Vitorio R. Ch. 27. Cham: Springer; 2017.
Takakusaki K. Neurophysiology of gait: From the spinal cord to the frontal lobe. Movement Disorders. 2013;28(11):1483-1491. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25669
Yuan J, Blumen HM, Verghese J, Holtzer R. Functional connectivity associated with gait velocity during walking and walking-while-talking in aging: A resting-state fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping. 2014;36(4):1484-1493. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22717
Blumen HM, Holtzer R, Brown LL, Gazes Y, Verghese J. Behavioral and neural correlates of imagined walking and walking-while-talking in the elderly. Human Brain Mapping. 2014;35(8):4090-4104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22461
Al-Yahya E, Johansen-Berg H, Kischka U, Zarei M, Cockburn J, Dawes H. Prefrontal cortex activation while walking under dual-task conditions in stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2016;30(6):591-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968315613864
Boraxbekk C-J, Salami A, Wahlin A, Nyberg L. Physical activity over a decade modifies age-related decline in perfusion, gray matter volume, and functional connectivity of the posterior default-mode network. A multimodal approach. Neuro Image. 2016;131:133-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.010
Lazzarini BSR, Kataras TJ. Treadmill walking is not equivalent to overground walking for the study of walking smoothness and rhythmicity in older adults. Gait & Posture. 2016;46:42-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.02.012
Guo JN, Blumenfeld H. Network imaging. In: Neuronal Networks in Brain Function, CNS Disorders, and Therapeutics. Eds. Faingold C.L., Blumenfeld H. Ch. 6. Amsterdam etc.: Elsevier Inc.; 2014.
Colom R, Thompson PM. Understanding human intelligence by imaging the brain. In: The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences. Eds. Chamorro-Premuzic T, et al. Ch. 12. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2011.
Thiel A, Vahdat S. Structural and resting-state brain connectivity of motor networks after stroke. Stroke. 2014;46(1):296-301. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.114.006307
Nuallain SO, Doris T. Consciousness is cheap, even if symbols are expensive; metabolism and the brain’s dark energy. Biosemiotics. 2011;5(2):193-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12304-011-9136-y
Snijders AH, van de Warrenburg BP, Giladi N, Bloem BR. Neurological gait disorders in elderly people: clinical approach and classiﬁcation. The Lancet Neurology. 2007;6(1):63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70678-0
Hollands M, Hollands K, Rietdyk S. Visual control of adaptive locomotion and changes due to natural ageing. In: Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults. The Role of Aging and Movement Disorders. Eds. Barbieri F.A., Vitorio R. Ch. 5. Cham: Springer; 2017.
Szpunar KK, Watson JM, McDermott KB. Neural substrates of envisioning the future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007;104(2):642-647. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610082104
Bar M. Predictions: a universal principle in the operation of the human brain. In: Predictions in the Brain. Using Our Past To Generate A Future. Ed. by M.Bar. Preface. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2011.
Szpunar KK, Tulving E. Varieties of future experience. In: Predictions in the Brain. Using Our Past To Generate A Future. Ed. by M. Bar. Ch. 1. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2011.
Fassbender C, Foxe JJ, Garavan H. Mapping the functional anatomy of task preparation: Priming task-appropriate brain networks. Human Brain Mapping. 2006;27(10):819-827. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20223
Cookson SL, Hazeltine E, Schumacher EH. Neural representation of stimulus-response associations during task preparation. Brain Research. 2016;1648:496-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.014
Sterr A. Preparing not to move: Does no-response priming affect advance movement preparation processes in a response priming task? Biological Psychology. 2006;72(2):154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.09.002
Gregory MD, Robertson EM, Manoach DS, Stickgold R. Thinking about a task is associated with increased connectivity in regions activated by task performance. Brain Connectivity. 2016;6(2):164-168. https://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2015.0386
Boegle R, Cyran CAM, Stephan T, Dieterich M, Glasauer S. P34: Age-related decline in functional connectivity of the vestibular cortical network. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2014(suppl 1):125:58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(14)50198-8
Cyran CAM, Boegle R, Stephan T, Dieterich M, Glasauer S. Age-related decline in functional connectivity of the vestibular cortical network. Brain Structure and Function. 2015;221(3):1443-1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0983-6
Barton JJS. Disorders of color and object recognition. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2010;16(4):111-127. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.con.0000368264.61286.9b
Clavagnier S, Prado J, Kennedy H, Perenin M-T. How humans reach: distinct cortical systems for central and peripheral vision. The Neuroscientist. 2007;13(1):22-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858406295688
He BJ, Shulman GL, Snyder AZ, Corbetta M. The role of impaired neuronal communication in neurological disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2007;20:655-660. https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0b013e3282f1c720
Ricciardi E, Pietrini P. New light from the dark: what blindness can teach us about brain function. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2011;24:357-363 https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0b013e328348bdbf
Grossberg S. How does the cerebral cortex work? Development, learning, attention, and 3-D vision by laminar circuits of visual cortex. Behavorial and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews. 2003;2(1):47-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582303002001003