The problem of gender has worried a person since the moment when he had the ability to know the world around him and himself. Images of hermaphrodites have been preserved since ancient times, when their appearance was associated with the action of otherworldly forces. However, even now, despite the efforts of specialists, much of the understanding of the genesis of disorders of sexual orientation and gender identification remains insufficiently studied. Numerous media reports and survey results indicate a significant increase in the number of people of “non-traditional sexual orientation” in recent decades (in the USA — by 2 times). This creates a tense nature of the discussion of this problem, which occurs not only at the media level, but also in parliamentary circles, which forces specialists to continue research in the direction of further identifying and clarifying the role of factors contributing to the emergence of the occurrence of these disorders, in order to develop ways to prevent them. The currently existing theories of the origin of disorders of sexual orientation and gender identification: genetic, hormonal, theories of mental disorders and socio-cultural factors, as practice shows, do not allow us to develop effective methods of countering their growth. Recently, the point of view has been expressed and justified, according to which these disorders may be associated with the period of embryonic development, namely, with disorders in the processes of formation of the reproductive system and the “sexual centers” of the brain occurring even before birth. The identification of factors influencing these processes would allow us to identify new ways to prevent disorders of sexual orientation and gender identification in humans.