The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-4329
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2026
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Ablamunits V.G.

Sainkt-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 194100

Mechanisms of maternal tolerance to the fetus: lessons of molecular diplomacy

Authors:

Ablamunits V.G.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2016;22(2): 8‑16

DOI: 10.17116/repro20162228-16

Read: 5922 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

MECHANISMS OF MATERNAL TOLERANCE TO THE FETUS: LESSONS OF MOLECULAR DIPLOMACY
MECHANISMS OF MATERNAL TOLERANCE TO THE FETUS: LESSONS OF MOLECULAR DIPLOMACY

To cite this article:

Ablamunits VG. Mechanisms of maternal tolerance to the fetus: lessons of molecular diplomacy. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2016;22(2):8‑16. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/repro20162228-16

Подписка 2026 Проблемы репродукции (Russian Journal of Human Reproduction)
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Abstract:

This review analyses our current knowledge of the factors mediating maternal tolerance to the fetus. Interaction of signals from both mother and fetus — hormones, MHC molecules, cytokines, inducers of apoptosis, complement inhibitors — resembles a complex diplomatic network aimed at settling a seemingly inevitable immune conflict.

Keywords:

HLA-G
allotransplant
apoptosis
maternal tolerance to the fetus

Authors:

Ablamunits V.G.

Sainkt-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 194100

Close metadata

References:

  1. Chaouat G. Reconsidering the Medawar paradigm placental viviparity existed for eons, even in vertebrates; without a «problem»: Why are Tregs important for preeclampsia in great apes? J Reprod Immunol. 2015; pii: S0165-0378(15)30021-8.  doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.09.002.
  2. Medawar PB. Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1953;7:320-329.
  3. Schaller J, Glander HJ, Ladusch M, Westhoff U, Grosse-Wilde H. Lack of HLA-molecules on human spermatozoa and in seminal plasma. Andrologia. 1993;25(2):77-81.  doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1993.tb02686.x.
  4. Jensen TS, Bjorge L, Wollen AL, Ulstein M. Identification of the complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 in human fallopian tube, endometrium, and cervical mucosa and secretion. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1995;34(1):1-9.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00913.x.
  5. Robertson SA, Prins JR, Sharkey DJ, Moldenhauer LM. Seminal fluid and the generation of regulatory T-cells for embryo implantation. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013;69(4):315-330.  doi: 10.1111/aji.12107.
  6. Kim BJ, Choi YM, Rah SY, Park DR, Park SA, Chung YJ, Park SM, Park JK, Jang KY, Kim UH. Seminal CD38 is a pivotal regulator for fetomaternal tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(5):1559-1564. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413493112.
  7. Rogers AM, Boime I, Connolly J, Cook JR, Russell JH. Maternal-fetal tolerance is maintained despite transgene-driven trophoblast expression of MHC class I, and defects in Fas and its ligand. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28(11):3479-3487.
  8. Loke YW, King A. Decidual natural-killer-cell interaction with trophoblast: cytolysis or cytokine production? Biochem Soc Trans. 2000;28(2):196-198.  doi: 10.1042/bst0280196.
  9. Mendelson CR. Minireview: fetal-maternal hormonal signaling in pregnancy and labor. Mol Endocrinol. 2009;23(7):947-954.  doi: 10.1210/me.2009-0016.
  10. Pasqualini JR. Enzymes involved in the formation and transformation of steroid hormones in the fetal and placental compartments. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97(5):401-415.  doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.08.004.
  11. Berndt S, Perrier d'Hauterive S, Blacher S, Péqueux C, Lorquet S, Munaut C, Applanat M, Hervé MA, Lamandé N, Corvol P, van den Brûle F, Frankenne F, Poutanen M, Huhtaniemi I, Geenen V, Noël A, Foidart JM. Angiogenic activity of human chorionic gonadotropin through LH receptor activation on endothelial and epithelial cells of the endometrium. FASEB J. 2006;20(14):2630-2632. doi: 10.1096/fj.06-5885fje.
  12. Braunstein GD, Rasor J, Danzer H, Adler D, Wade ME. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels throughout normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;126(6):678-681.
  13. Szekeres-Bartho J, Polgar B, Kozma N, Miko E, Par G, Szereday L, Barakonyi A, Palkovics T, Papp O, Varga P.  Progesterone-dependent immunomodulation. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2005;89:118-125.  doi: 10.1159/000087953.
  14. Hunt JS, Miller L, Platt JS. Hormonal regulation of uterine macrophages. Dev Immunol. 1998;6(1-2):105-110.  doi: 10.1155/1998/87527.
  15. Butts CL, Shukair SA, Duncan KM, Bowers E, Horn C, Belyavskaya E, Tonelli L, Sternberg EM. Progesterone inhibits mature rat dendritic cells in a receptor-mediated fashion. Int Immunol. 2007;19(3):287-296.  doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxl145.
  16. Uemura Y, Liu T-Y, Narita Y, Suzuki M, Matsushita S. 17b-Estradiol(E2) plus tumor necrosis factor-a induces a distorted maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and promotes their capacity to initiate T-helper 2 responses. Hum Immunol. 2008;69:149-57.  doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.01.017.
  17. Yagel S, Hurwitz A, Rosenn B, Keizer N. Progesterone enhancement of prostaglandin E2 production by fetal placental macrophages. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol. 1987;14(2):45-48.
  18. Nagamatsu T, Schust DJ. The immunomodulatory roles of macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface. Reprod Sci. 2010;17(3):209-218.  doi: 10.1177/1933719109349962.
  19. Robinson DP, Klein SL. Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Horm Behav. 2012;62(3):263-271.  doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023.
  20. Hirano S, Furutama D, Hanafusa T. Physiologically high concentrations of 17beta-estradiol enhance NF-kappa B activity in human T-cells. Am J Phyiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292(4): R1465-R1471. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2006.
  21. Yie S, Li L, Li G, Xiao R, Librach CL. Progesterone enhances HLA-G gene expression in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells and human cytotrophoblasts in vitro. Hum Reproduction. 2006;21(1):46-51. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei305.
  22. Sasaki Y, Sakai M, Miyazaki S, Higuma S, Shiozaki A, Saito S. Decidual and peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells in early pregnancy subjects and spontaneous abortion cases. Mol Hum Reprod. 2004;10(5):347-353.  doi: 10.1093/molehr/gah044.
  23. Mao G, Wang J, Kang Y, Tai P, Wen J, Zou Q, LI G, Ouyang H, Xia G, Wang B. Progesterone increases systemic and local uterine proportions of CD4+CD25+ TReg cells during midterm pregnancy in mice. Endocrinology. 2010;151(11):5477-5488. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-0426.
  24. Fuchs T, Hammarström L, Smith CI, Brundin J. In vitro induction of murine suppressor T-cells by human chorionic gonadotropin. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1980;59(4):355-359.  doi: 10.3109/00016348009154093.
  25. Schumacher A, Heinze K, Witte J, Poloski E, Linzke N, Woidacki K, Zenclussen AC. Human chorionic gonadotropin as a central regulator of pregnancy immune tolerance. J Immunol. 2013;190(6):2650-2658. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202698.
  26. Rolle L, Memarzadeh Tehran M, Morell-Garcia A, Raeva Y, Schumacher A, Hartig R, et al. Cutting edge: IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in early human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013;70(6):448-453.
  27. Shamonki JM, Salmon JE, Hyjek E, Baergen RN. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(2):167.e1-E5.  doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.879.
  28. Tedesco F, Narchi G, Radillo O, Meri S, Ferrone S, Betterle C. Susceptibility of human trophoblast to killing by human complement and the role of complement regulatory proteins. J Immunol. 1993;151(3):1562-1570.
  29. Banadakoppa M, Chauhan MS, Havemann D, Balakrishnan M, Dominic JS, Yallampalli C. Spontaneous abortion is associated with elevated systemic C5a and reduced mRNA of complement inhibitory proteins in placenta. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;177(3):743-749.  doi: 10.1111/cei.12371.
  30. Geraghty DE, Koller BH, Orr HT. A human major histocompatibility complex class I gene that encodes a protein with a shortened cytoplasmic segment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84(24):9145-9149.
  31. Colonna M, Navarro F, Bellón T, Llano M, García P, Samaridis J, Angman L, Cella M, López-Botet M. A common inhibitory receptor for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on human lymphoid and myelomonocytic cells. J Exp Med. 1997;186(11):1809-1818. doi: 10.1084/jem.186.11.1809.
  32. Contini P, Ghio M, Poggi A, Filaci G, Indiveri F, Ferrone S, Puppo F. Soluble HLA-A,-B,-C and -G molecules induce apoptosis in T and NK CD8+ cells and inhibit cytotoxic T-cell activity through CD8 ligation. Eur J Immunol . 2003;33(1):125-134.  doi: 10.1002/immu.200390015.
  33. Rouas-Freiss N, Naji A, Durrbach A, Carosella ED. Tolerogenic functions of human leukocyte antigen G: from pregnancy to organ and cell transplantation. Transplantation. 2007;84(suppl 1):S21-S25.
  34. LeMaoult J, Krawice-Radanne I, Dausset J, Carosella ED. HLA-G1-expressing antigen-presenting cells induce immunosuppressive CD4+ T-cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101(18):7064-7069. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0401922101.
  35. Alegre E, Diaz-Lagares A, LeMaoult J, Lopez-Moratalla N, Carosella ED, Gonzalez A. Maternal antigen presenting cells are a source of plasmatic HLA-G during pregnancy: longitudinal study during pregnancy. Human Immunology. 2007;68(8):661-667.  doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.04.007.
  36. Hara N, Fujii T, Yamashita T, Kozuma S, Okai T, Taketani Y. Altered expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA-G) on extravillous trophoblasts in preeclampsia: Immunohistological demonstration with anti-HLA-G specific antibody “87G” and anti-cytokeratin antibody ‘CAM5.2’. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1996; 36(6):349-358.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00185.x.
  37. Gonzalez A, Rebmann V, Lemaoult J, Horn PA, Carosella ED, Alegre E. The immunosuppressive molecule HLA-G and its clinical implications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sciences . 2012;49(3):63-84.  doi: 10.3109/10408363.2012.677947.
  38. Manaster I, Mizrahi S, Goldman-Wohl D, Sela HY, Stern-Ginossar N, Lankry D, Gruda R, Hurwitz A, Bdolah Y, Haimov-Kochman R, Yagel S, Mandelboim O. Endometrial NK-cells are special immature cells that await pregnancy. J Immunol. 2008;181(3):1869-1876. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1869.
  39. Kopcow HD, Allan DS, Chen X, Rybalov B, Andzelm MM, Ge B, Strominger JL. Human decidual NK cells form immature activating synapses and are not cytotoxic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(43):15563-15568. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507835102.
  40. Williams PJ, Bulmer JN, Searle RF, Innes BA, Robson SC. Altered decidual leucocyte populations in the placental bed in pre-eclampsia and foetal growth restriction: a comparison with late normal pregnancy. Reproduction. 2009;138(1):177-184.  doi: 10.1530/REP-09-0007.
  41. Сельков С.А., Павлов О.В. Плацентарные макрофаги. М, Товарищество научных изданий КМК. 2007.
  42. Gustafsson C, Mjösberg J, Matussek A, Geffers R, Matthiesen L, Berg G, Sharma S, Buer J, Ernerudh J. Gene expression profiling of human decidual macrophages: evidence for immunosuppressive phenotype. PLoS One. 2008;3(4):e2078. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002078.
  43. Lidström C, Matthiesen L, Berg G, Sharma S, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C. Cytokine secretion patterns of NK cells and macrophages in early human pregnancy decidua and blood: implications for suppressor macrophages in decidua. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2003;50(6):444-452.  doi: 10.1046/j.8755-8920.2003.00112.x 
  44. Vacca P, Cantoni C, Vitale M, Prato C, Canegallo F, Fenoglio D, Ragni N, Moretta L, Mingari MC. Crosstalk between decidual NK and CD14+ myelomonocytic cells results in induction of Tregs and immunosuppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(26):11918-11923. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1001749107.
  45. Young OM, Tang Z, Niven-Fairchild T, Tadesse S, Krikun G, Norwitz ER, Mor G, Abrahams VM, Guller S. Toll-like receptor-mediated responses by placental Hofbauer cells (HBCs): a potential pro-inflammatory role for fetal M2 macrophages. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;73(1):22-35.  doi: 10.1111/aji.12336.
  46. Saito S, Nakashima A, Shima T, Ito M. Th1/Th2/Th17 and Regulatory T-Cell Paradigm in Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(6):601-610.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00852.x.
  47. Wang WJ, Hao CF, Yi L, Yin GJ, Bao SH, Qiu LH, Lin QD. Increased prevalence of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in peripheral blood and decidua in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion patients. J Reprod Immunol. 2010;84(2):164-170.  doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.12.003.
  48. Mjosberg J, Berg G, Jenmalm MC, Ernerudh J. FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells and T-helper 1, T-helper 2, and T-helper 17 cells in human early pregnancy decidua. Biol Reprod. 2010;82(4):698-705.  doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.081208.
  49. Campbell DJ, Koch MA. Phenotypical and functional specialization of FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):119-130.  doi: 10.1038/nri2916.
  50. Gotschalk RA, Corse E, Allison JP. Expression of Helios in peripherally induced Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells. J Immunol. 2012;188(3):976-980.  doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102964.
  51. Watanabe N, Wang YH, Lee HK, Ito T, Wang YH, Cao W, Liu YJ. Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells in human thymus. Nature. 2005;436(7054):1181-1185. doi: 10.1038/nature03886.
  52. Du MR, Guo PF, Piao HL, Wang SC, Sun C, Jin LP, Tao Y, Li YH, Zhang D, Zhu R, Fu Q, Li DJ. Embryonic trophoblasts induce decidual regulatory T-cell differentiation and maternal-fetal tolerance through thymic stromal lymphopoietin instructing dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2014;192(4):1502-1511. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203425.
  53. Fan DX, Duan J, Li MQ, Xu B, Li DJ, Jin LP. The decidual gamma-delta T-cells up-regulate the biological functions of trophoblasts via IL-10 secretion in early human pregnancy. Clin Immunol. 2011;141(3):284-292.  doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.07.008. 
  54. Köstlin N, Kugel H, Spring B, Leiber A, Marmé A, Henes M, Rieber N, Hartl D, Poets CF, Gille C. Granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells expand in human pregnancy and modulate T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol. 2014;44(9):2582-2591. doi: 10.1002/eji.201344200.
  55. Phillips TA, Ni J, Pan G, Ruben SM, Wei YF, Pace JL, Hunt JS. TRAIL (Apo-2L) and TRAIL receptors in human placentas: implications for immune privilege. J Immunol. 1999;162(10):6053-6059.
  56. Stenqvist AC, Nagaeva O, Baranov V, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Exosomes secreted by human placenta carry functional Fas ligand and TRAIL molecules and convey apoptosis in activated immune cells, suggesting exosome-mediated immune privilege of the fetus. J Immunol. 2013;191(11):5515-5523. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301885.
  57. Amarnath S, Mangus CW, Wang JC, Wei F, He A, Kapoor V, Foley JE, Massey PR, Felizardo TC, Riley JL, Levine BL, June CH,Medin JA, Fowler DH. The PDL1-PD1 axis converts human TH1 cells into regulatory T-cells. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(111):111ra20. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.
  58. Wafula PO, Teles A, Schumacher A, Pohl K, Yagita H, Volk HD, Zenclussen AC. PD-1 but not CTLA-4 blockage abrogates the protective effect of regulatory T-cells in a pregnancy murine model. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2009;62(5):283-292.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00737.x. 
  59. Riella LV, Dada S, Chabtini L, Smith B, Huang L, Dakle P, Mfarrej B, D'Addio F, Adams LT, Kochupurakkal N,Vergani A, Fiorina P, Mellor AL, Sharpe AH, Yagita H, Guleria I. B7h (ICOS-L) maintains tolerance at the fetomaternal interface. Am J Pathol. 2013;182(6):2204-2213. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.014.
  60. Bolton AE, Pockley AG, Clough KJ, Mowles EA, Stoker RJ, Westwood OM, Chapman MG. Identification of placental protein 14 as an immunosuppressive factor in human reproduction. Lancet. 1987;329(8533):593-595.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90235-2.
  61. Lee CL, Chiu PC, Lam KK, Siu SO, Chu IK, Koistinen R, Koistinen H, Seppälä M, Lee KF, Yeung WS. Differential actions of glycodelin-A on Th-1 and Th-2 cells: a paracrine mechanism that could produce the Th 2 dominant environment during pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(3):517-526.  Doi: 10.1093/humrep/deq381.
  62. Salim R, Miel J, Savvas M, Lee C, Jurkovic D. A comparative study of glycodelin concentrations in uterine flushings in women with subseptate uteri, history of unexplained recurrent miscarriage and healthy controls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;133(1):76-80.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.09.005.
  63. Santoso DI, Rogers P, Wallace EM, Manuelpillai U, Walker D, Subakir SB. Localization of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and 4-hydroxynonenal in normal and pre-eclamptic placentae. Placenta. 2002;23:373-379.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/plac.2002.0818.
  64. Barrientos G, Freitag N, Tirado-Gonzalez I, Unverdorben L, Jeschke U, Thijssen VL, Blois SM. Involvement of galectin-1 in reproduction: past, present and future. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(2):175-193.  doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmt040.
  65. Blois SM, Ilarregui JM, Tometten M, Garcia M, Orsal AS, Cordo-Russo R, Toscano MA, Bianco GA, Kobelt P, Handjiski B,Tirado I, Markert UR, Klapp BF, Poirier F, Szekeres-Bartho J, Rabinovich GA, Arck PC. A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance. Nat Med. 2007;13(12):1450-1457. doi: 10.1038/nm1680.
  66. Moore T, Dveksler GS. Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins: complex gene families regulating maternal-fetal interactions. Int J Dev Biol. 2014;58(2-4):273-280.  doi: 10.1387/ijdb.130329gd.
  67. Pihl K, Larsen T, Laursen I, Krebs L, Christiansen M. First trimester maternal serum pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP1) as a marker of adverse pregnancy outcome. Prenat Diagn. 2009;29(13):1256-1261. doi: 10.1002/pd.2408.
  68. Hoskin DW, Murgita RA. Specific maternal anti-fetal lymphoproliferative responses and their regulation by natural immunosuppressive factors. Clin Exp Immunol. 1989;76(2):262-267.
  69. Um SH, Mulhall C, Alisa A, Ives AR, Karani J, Williams R, Bertoletti A, Behboudi S. Alpha-fetoprotein impairs APC function and induces their apoptosis. J Immunol. 2004;173(3):1772-1778. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1772.
  70. Barnea ER, Kirk D, Todorova K, McElhinney J, Hayrabedyan S, Fernández N. PIF direct immune regulation: Blocks mitogen-activated PBMCs proliferation, promotes TH2/TH1 bias, independent of Ca2+. Immunobiology. 2015;220(7):865-875.  doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.010.
  71. Segerer SE, Müller N, Brandt JV, Kapp M, Dietl J, Reichardt HM, Rieger L, Kämmerer U. The glycoprotein-hormones activin A and inhibin A interfere with dendritic cell maturation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2008;6:17.  doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-17.
  72. Segerer SE, Rieger L, Kapp M, Dombrowski Y, Müller N, Dietl J, Kämmerer U. MIC-1 (a multifunctional modulator of dendritic cell phenotype and function) is produced by decidual stromal cells and trophoblasts. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(1):200-209.  doi: 10.1093/humrep/der358.
  73. Tong S, Marjono B, Brown DA, Mulvey S, Breit SN, Manuelpillai U, Wallace EM. Serum concentrations of macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC 1) as a predictor of miscarriage. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):129-130.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15265-8.
  74. Chicheportiche Y, Bourdon PR, Xu H, Hsu YM, Scott H, Hession C, Garcia I, Browning JL. TWEAK, a new secreted ligand in the tumor necrosis factor family that weakly induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(51):32401-32410. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32401.
  75. Mas AE, Petitbarat M, Dubanchet S, Fay S, Ledée N, Chaouat G. Immune regulation at the interface during early steps of murine implantation: involvement of two new cytokines of the IL-12 family (IL-23 and IL-27) and of TWEAK. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2008;59(4):323-338.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00567.x.
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.