According to the Ministry of Health and Social development of the Russian Federation and the research centre of obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, the frequency of uterine fibroid is 30% among women of reproductive age [4], timely detection of uterine fibroids and proper assessment of rates and causes of its growth help not only to clarify the diagnosis, but also to make an individual prognosis and to determine adequate tactics. This fact determines the relevance of the topic being studied. In recent years there has been an increase in the frequency of detection of fibroids of the uterus in virgins and women of young age (till 25 years), which is associated with both hereditary nature of the disease, and with the introduction of new, improved diagnostic methods and greater availability. The purpose of this research is to review long-term studies of the growth and recurrence of widespread in a population of benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus for the understanding of pathogenesis, mechanisms of its development and growth and the discovery of the relationship of these processes with genetic factors. This study will help to identify unknown genetic factors that may be subject to further research with the long-term goal the detection of useful markers for early detection of the disease. A systematic review allowed us to identify a number of genetic mechanisms for the development of leiomyomas of the uterus, which can be used in the practice of medicine with the aim of identifying groups at risk and preventive measures among them.