The purpose of this literature review is to analyze current studies investigating immunohistochemical and molecular genetic markers as predictors for the radiosensitivity of rectal adenocarcinoma. The question is very relevant today, since high overall and relapse-free survival rates cannot be achieved despite that there is a wide range of possibilities of modern oncology as the most advanced combined treatments in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The identification of highly informative predictors and their combinations with their subsequent introduction into clinical practice will be able to use reasonably from the radiobiological standpoint radiation and chemoradiation treatment individually for each patient. Thus, for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, the presence of accurate predictors for the prognosis of radiosensitivity or radioresistance of tumor cells, namely, adenocarcinoma, since this is the most common morphological form of rectal cancer, will make it possible, in terms of the study results, to choose the treatment that will be rational and effective for this patient in a specific clinical situation.