The Russian Federation registered 752 occupational cancer cases over 23 years (1987-2009). Its annual deaths of malignancies caused by industrial factors are estimated at about 15,000, which is suggestive of the extremely poor situation in identifying occupational cancer. In the structure of occupational cancer, lung cancer holds the lead (70%), next is gastric cancer (9%), labial and oral tumors (5%), and other malignancies (4%). Among the patients, repairmen, welders, and miners were the largest professional groups. In 2002-2009, the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk Regions notified 48.2% of all occupational cancer cases. No cases were registered in more than half of all the regions of the Russian Federation. There is a long-felt need that the teams of specialists who perform periodic medical examinations of workers of carcinogenic hazardous plants should comprise an oncologist qualified in the etiology of malignancies. The joint efforts of oncologists, medical officer, and occupational pathologists are required for a worker to exercise his vested right to social protectability in case of health loss.