Acute appendicitis in adults

Sazhin A.V.; Gulyaev A.A.; Ermolov A.S.; Zatevakhin I.I.; Ivakhov G.B.; Kirienko A.I.; Kurtser M.A.; Lutsevich O.E.; Mosin S.V.; Nechay T.V.; Prudkov M.I.; Son D.A.; Stradymov E.A.; Tyagunov A.E.; Fedorov A.V.; Shulutko A.M.; Shulyak G.D.

doi:https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia20241115

References:

Revishvili ASh, Fedorov AV, Sazhin VP, Olovyannyi VE. Emergency Surgery in Russian Federation. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2019;(3):88-97. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia201903188
Revishvili ASh, Olovyannyi VE, Sazhin VP, Anishchenko MM. Surgical care in the Russian Federation during the pandemic — the main results of 2020. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2021;(12):5-14. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia20211215
Ilves I, Fagerström A, Herzig KH, Juvonen P, Miettinen P, Paajanen H. Seasonal variations of acute appendicitis and nonspecific abdominal pain in Finland. World journal of gastroenterology. 2014;20(14):4037-4042. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.4037
Viniol A, Keunecke C, Biroga T, Stadje R, Dornieden K, Bösner S, Donner-Banzhoff N, Haasenritter J, Becker A. Studies of the symptom abdominal pain — a systematic review and meta-analysis. Family practice. 2014;31(5):517-529. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmu036
Addiss DG, Shaffer N, Fowler BS, Tauxe RV. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in the United States. American journal of epidemiology. 1990;132(5):910-925. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115734
Eng KA, Abadeh A, Ligocki C, Lee YK, Moineddin R, Adams-Webber T, Schuh S, Doria AS. Acute Appendicitis: A Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of US, CT, and MRI as Second-Line Imaging Tests after an Initial US. Radiology. 2018;288(3):717-727. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018180318
Evidence based clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis. Philippine College of Surgeons Committee on Surgical Infections. 2002. https://pcs.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/EBCPG-acute_appendicitis.pdf
Sazhin AV, Nechai TV, Kirienko AI. Ostryi appenditsit. Moscow: OOO «Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo»; 2019. (In Russ.).
Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, Ceresoli M, Augustin G, Gori A, Boermeester M, Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Tarasconi A, De’ Angelis N, Weber DG, Tolonen M, Birindelli A, Biffl W, Moore EE, Kelly M, Soreide K, Kashuk J, Ten Broek R, Gomes CA, Sugrue M, Davies RJ, Damaskos D, Leppäniemi A, Kirkpatrick A, Peitzman AB, Fraga GP, Maier RV, Coimbra R, Chiarugi M, Sganga G, Pisanu A, De’ Angelis GL, Tan E, Van Goor H, Pata F, Di Carlo I, Chiara O, Litvin A, Campanile FC, Sakakushev B, Tomadze G, Demetrashvili Z, Latifi R, Abu-Zidan F, Romeo O, Segovia-Lohse H, Baiocchi G, Costa D, Rizoli S, Balogh ZJ, Bendinelli C, Scalea T, Ivatury R, Velmahos G, Andersson R, Kluger Y, Ansaloni L, Catena F. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World journal of emergency surgery. 2020;15(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3
Grönroos JM, Grönroos P. Leucocyte count and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The British journal of surgery. 1999;86(4):501-504. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.01063.x
Gorter RR, Eker HH, Gorter-Stam MA, Abis GS, Acharya A, Ankersmit M, Antoniou SA, Arolfo S, Babic B, Boni L, Bruntink M, van Dam DA, Defoort B, Deijen CL, DeLacy FB, Go PM, Harmsen AM, van den Helder RS, Iordache F, Ket JC, Muysoms FE, Ozmen MM, Papoulas M, Rhodes M, Straatman J, Tenhagen M, Turrado V, Vereczkei A, Vilallonga R, Deelder JD, Bonjer J. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis. EAES consensus development conference 2015. Surgical endoscopy. 2016;30(11):4668-4690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5245-7
Andersson M, Kolodziej B, Andersson RE; STRAPPSCORE Study Group. Randomized clinical trial of Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score-based management of patients with suspected appendicitis. The British journal of surgery. 2017;104(11):1451-1461. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10637
Sammalkorpi HE, Mentula P, Savolainen H, Leppäniemi A. The Introduction of Adult Appendicitis Score Reduced Negative Appendectomy Rate. Scandinavian journal of surgery. 2017;106(3):196-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496916683099
Scott AJ, Mason SE, Arunakirinathan M, Reissis Y, Kinross JM, Smith JJ. Risk stratification by the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score to guide decision-making in patients with suspected appendicitis. The British journal of surgery. 2015;102(5):563-572. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9773
Reddy SB, Kelleher M, Bokhari SAJ, Davis KA, Schuster KM. A highly sensitive and specific combined clinical and sonographic score to diagnose appendicitis. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2017;83(4):643-649. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001551
Amitai MM, Katorza E, Guranda L, Apter S, Portnoy O, Inbar Y, Konen E, Klang E, Eshet Y. Role of Emergency Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Workup of Suspected Appendicitis in Pregnant Women. The Israel Medical Association journal. 2016;18(10):600-604.
Patel D, Fingard J, Winters S, Low G. Clinical use of MRI for the evaluation of acute appendicitis during pregnancy. Abdominal radiology. 2017;42(7):1857-1863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-017-1078-7
Ziedses des Plantes CMP, van Veen MJF, van der Palen J, Klaase JM, Gielkens HAJ, Geelkerken RH. The Effect of Unenhanced MRI on the Surgeons’ Decision-Making Process in Females with Suspected Appendicitis. World journal of surgery. 2016;40(12):2881-2887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-016-3626-7
Gaskill CE, Simianu VV, Carnell J, Hippe DS, Bhargava P, Flum DR, Davidson GH. Use of Computed Tomography to Determine Perforation in Patients with Acute Appendicitis. Current problems in diagnostic radiology. 2018;47(1):6-9. https://doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2016.12.002
Salö M, Marungruang N, Roth B, Sundberg T, Stenström P, Arnbjörnsson E, Fåk F, Ohlsson B. Evaluation of the microbiome in children’s appendicitis. International journal of colorectal disease. 2017;32(1):19-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-016-2639-x
Andrén-Sandberg A, Ryska M. Exploratory laparoscopy at suspicion of acute appendicitis. Review. Rozhledy v chirurgii. 2004;83(3):131-137.
Podda M, Gerardi C, Cillara N, Fearnhead N, Gomes CA, Birindelli A, Mulliri A, Davies RJ, Di Saverio S. Antibiotic Treatment and Appendectomy for Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of surgery. 2019;270(6):1028-1040. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003225
Sallinen V, Akl EA, You JJ, Agarwal A, Shoucair S, Vandvik PO, Agoritsas T, Heels-Ansdell D, Guyatt GH, Tikkinen KA. Meta-analysis of antibiotics versus appendicectomy for non-perforated acute appendicitis. The British journal of surgery. 2016;103(6):656-667. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10147
Harnoss JC, Zelienka I, Probst P, Grummich K, Müller-Lantzsch C, Harnoss JM, Ulrich A, Büchler MW, Diener MK. Antibiotics Versus Surgical Therapy for Uncomplicated Appendicitis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015016882). Annals of Surgery. 2017;265(5):889-900. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002039
Huston JM, Kao LS, Chang PK, Sanders JM, Buckman S, Adams CA, Cocanour CS, Parli SE, Grabowski J, Diaz J, Tessier JM, Duane TM. Antibiotics vs. Appendectomy for Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis in Adults: Review of the Evidence and Future Directions. Surgical infections. 2017;18(5):527-535. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2017.073
Salminen P, Paajanen H, Rautio T, Nordström P, Aarnio M, Rantanen T, Tuominen R, Hurme S, Virtanen J, Mecklin JP, Sand J, Jartti A, Rinta-Kiikka I, Grönroos JM. Antibiotic Therapy vs Appendectomy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: The APPAC Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015;313(23):2340-2348. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6154
Salminen P, Tuominen R, Paajanen H, Rautio T, Nordström P, Aarnio M, Rantanen T, Hurme S, Mecklin JP, Sand J, Virtanen J, Jartti A, Grönroos JM. Five-Year Follow-up of Antibiotic Therapy for Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis in the APPAC Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2018 Oct 23;320(16):1711]. JAMA. 2018;320(12):1259-1265. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.13201
Sippola S, Grönroos J, Tuominen R, Paajanen H, Rautio T, Nordström P, Aarnio M, Rantanen T, Hurme S, Salminen P. Economic evaluation of antibiotic therapy versus appendicectomy for the treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis from the APPAC randomized clinical trial. The British journal of surgery. 2017;104(10):1355-1361. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10575
Mällinen J, Vaarala S, Mäkinen M, Lietzén E, Grönroos J, Ohtonen P, Rautio T, Salminen P. Appendicolith appendicitis is clinically complicated acute appendicitis — is it histopathologically different from uncomplicated acute appendicitis [published correction appears in Int J Colorectal Dis. 2020 May;35(5):971-972]. International journal of colorectal disease. 2019;34(8):1393-1400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-019-03332-z
Singh JP, Mariadason JG. Role of the faecolith in modern-day appendicitis. Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2013;95(1):48-51. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588413X13511609954851
Vons C, Barry C, Maitre S, Pautrat K, Leconte M, Costaglioli B, Karoui M, Alves A, Dousset B, Valleur P, Falissard B, Franco D. Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid versus appendicectomy for treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9777):1573-1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60410-8
Joo JI, Park HC, Kim MJ, Lee BH. Outcomes of Antibiotic Therapy for Uncomplicated Appendicitis in Pregnancy. The American journal of medicine. 2017;130(12):1467-1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.04.046
Podda M, Cillara N, Di Saverio S, Lai A, Feroci F, Luridiana G, Agresta F, Vettoretto N; ACOI (Italian Society of Hospital Surgeons) Study Group on Acute Appendicitis. Antibiotics-first strategy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults is associated with increased rates of peritonitis at surgery. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing appendectomy and non-operative management with antibiotics. The surgeon. 2017;15(5):303-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2017.02.001
Andersen BR, Kallehave FL, Andersen HK. Antibiotics versus placebo for prevention of postoperative infection after appendicectomy. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2005;2005(3):CD001439. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001439.pub2
Wu WT, Tai FC, Wang PC, Tsai ML. Surgical site infection and timing of prophylactic antibiotics for appendectomy. Surgical infections. 2014;15(6):781-785. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2013.167
Savel’ev VS, Chazov EI, Gusev EI, Kirienko AI, Akchurin RS, Andriyashkin VV, Arutyunov GP, Bitsadze VO, Bodykhov MK, Britov AN, Butenko AV, Vavilova TV, Voinovskii EA, Vorob’eva NA, Voskanyan YuE, Gavrilenko AV, Galstyan GM, Gel’fand BR, Golubev GSh, Zamyatin MN, Zatevakhin II, Zolkin VN, Zolotukhin IA, Kobalava ZhD, Kopenkin SS, Kuznetsov NA, Kuntsevich GI, Leont’ev SG, Lubnin AYu, Makaritsiya AD, Moiseev VS, Momot AP, Osipova NA, Ostryakova EV, Panchenko EP, Perekhodov SN, Piradov MA, Poddubnaya IV, Pokrovskii AV, Prudkov MI, Pryadko SI, Reshetnyak TM, Ryabinkina YuV, Sapelkin SV, Semenova MN, Smirnov SV, Sokolov VA, Stakhovskaya LV, Tereshchenko SN, Stoiko YuM, Sulimov VA, Fokin AA, Shevela AI, Shimanko AI, Shulutko AM, Yavelov IS, Yakhontov DI. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniyu i profilaktike venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii. Journal of Venous Disorders. 2010;4(2):2-37. (In Russ.).
National Guideline Centre (UK). Venous thromboembolism in over 16s: Reducing the risk of hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2018.
Humes DJ, Walker AJ, Hunt BJ, Sultan AA, Ludvigsson JF, West J. Risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism following emergency appendicectomy in adults. The British journal of surgery. 2016;103(4):443-450. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10091
Alore EA, Ward JL, Todd SR, Wilson CT, Gordy SD, Hoffman MK, Suliburk JW. Population-level outcomes of early versus delayed appendectomy for acute appendicitis using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. The Journal of surgical research. 2018;229:234-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.04.011
Elniel M, Grainger J, Nevins EJ, Misra N, Skaife P. 72 h Is the Time Critical Point to Operate in Acute Appendicitis. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery. 2018;22(2):310-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-017-3614-8
Tankel J, Yellinek S, Shechter Y, Greenman D, Ioscovich A, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Reissman P. Delaying laparoscopic surgery in pregnant patients with an equivocal acute appendicitis: a step-wise approach does not affect maternal or fetal safety. Surgical endoscopy. 2019;33(9):2960-2966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6600-7
Athanasiou CD, Robinson J, Yiasemidou M, Lockwood S, Markides GA. Laparoscopic vs open approach for transverse colon cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis of short and long term outcomes. International journal of surgery. 2017;41:78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.050
Jaschinski T, Mosch C, Eikermann M, Neugebauer EA. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy in patients with suspected appendicitis: a systematic review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMC gastroenterology. 2015;15:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-015-0277-3
Li X, Zhang J, Sang L, Zhang W, Chu Z, Li X, Liu Y. Laparoscopic versus conventional appendectomy — a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC gastroenterology. 2010;10:129. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-10-129
Ukai T, Shikata S, Takeda H, Dawes L, Noguchi Y, Nakayama T, Takemura YC. Evidence of surgical outcomes fluctuates over time: results from a cumulative meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for acute appendicitis. BMC gastroenterology. 2016;16:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-016-0453-0
Wei B, Qi CL, Chen TF, Zheng ZH, Huang JL, Hu BG, Wei HB. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for acute appendicitis: a metaanalysis. Surgical endoscopy. 2011;25(4):1199-1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-1344-z
Dasari BVM, Baker J, Markar S, Gardiner K. Laparoscopic appendicectomy in obese is associated with improvements in clinical outcome: systematic review. International journal of surgery. 2015;13:250-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.11.052
Michailidou M, Sacco Casamassima MG, Goldstein SD, Gause C, Karim O, Salazar JH, Yang J, Abdullah F. The impact of obesity on laparoscopic appendectomy: Results from the ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Program pediatric database. Journal of pediatric surgery. 2015;50(11):1880-1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.07.005
Wang D, Dong T, Shao Y, Gu T, Xu Y, Jiang Y. Laparoscopy versus open appendectomy for elderly patients, a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC surgery. 2019;19(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-019-0515-7
Werkgartner G, Cerwenka H, El Shabrawi A, Bacher H, Hauser H, Mischinger HJ, Wagner M, Wagner D. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis in high risk patients. International journal of colorectal disease. 2015;30(3):397-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-014-2095-4
Diamantis T, Kontos M, Arvelakis A, Syroukis S, Koronarchis D, Papalois A, Agapitos E, Bastounis E, Lazaris AC. Comparison of monopolar electrocoagulation, bipolar electrocoagulation, Ultracision, and Ligasure. Surgery today. 2006;36(10):908-913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-006-3254-1
Perrin J, Morreau P, Upadhyay V. Is hook diathermy safe to dissect the mesoappendix in paediatric patients? A 10-year experience. The New Zealand medical journal. 2019;132(1501):41-47.
Sucullu I, Filiz AI, Kurt Y, Yilmaz I, Yildiz M. The effects of LigaSure on the laparoscopic management of acute appendicitis: «LigaSure assisted laparoscopic appendectomy». Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques. 2009;19(4):333-335. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0b013e3181a99288
Wright GP, Mitchell EJ, McClure AM, Onesti JK, Moyo SC, Brown AR, Peshkepija A, Scott GL, Chung MH. Comparison of stapling techniques and management of the mesoappendix in laparoscopic appendectomy. Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques. 2015;25(1):e11-e15. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000040
Yang HR, Wang YC, Chung PK, Jeng LB, Chen RJ. Laparoscopic appendectomy using the LigaSure Vessel Sealing System. Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A. 2005;15(4):353-356. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2005.15.353
Qian D, He Z, Hua J, Song Z. Stump Invagination Versus Simple Ligation in Open Appendicectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International surgery. 2015;100(7-8):1199-1206. https://doi.org/10.9738/INTSURG-D-15-00074.1
Al-Temimi MH, Berglin MA, Kim EG, Tessier DJ, Johna SD. Endostapler versus Hem-O-Lok clip to secure the appendiceal stump and mesoappendix during laparoscopic appendectomy. American journal of surgery. 2017;214(6):1143-1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.031
Antoniou SA, Mavridis D, Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Antoniou GA, Gorter R, Tenhagen M, Koutras C, Pointner R, Chalkiadakis GE, Granderath FA, Fragiadakis GF, Philalithis AE, Bonjer HJ. Optimal stump management in laparoscopic appendectomy: A network meta-analysis by the Minimally Invasive Surgery Synthesis of Interventions and Outcomes Network. Surgery. 2017;162(5):994-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.07.013
Swank HA, van Rossem CC, van Geloven AAW, in’t Hof KH, Kazemier G, Meijerink WJ, Lange JF, Bemelman WA. Endostapler or endoloops for securing the appendiceal stump in laparoscopic appendectomy: a retrospective cohort study. Surgical endoscopy. 2014;28(2):576-583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-3207-x
Andersson RE, Petzold MG. Nonsurgical treatment of appendiceal abscess or phlegmon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of surgery. 2007;246(5):741-748. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31811f3f9f
Horn CB, Coleoglou Centeno AA, Guerra JJ, Mazuski JE, Bochicchio GV, Turnbull IR. Drain Failure in Intra-Abdominal Abscesses Associated with Appendicitis. Surgical infections. 2018;19(3):321-325. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2017.224
Simillis C, Symeonides P, Shorthouse AJ, Tekkis PP. A meta-analysis comparing conservative treatment versus acute appendectomy for complicated appendicitis (abscess or phlegmon). Surgery. 2010;147(6):818-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2009.11.013
Petrowsky H, Demartines N, Rousson V, Clavien PA. Evidence-based value of prophylactic drainage in gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Annals of surgery. 2004;240(6):1074-1085. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000146149.17411.c5
Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Kelly A, Shah J, Khan RMA, Panda N, Mansour M, Malik S, Dalmia S. Irrigation Versus Suction Alone in Laparoscopic Appendectomy: Is Dilution the Solution to Pollution? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Surgical innovation. 2018;25(2):174-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1553350617753244
Siotos C, Stergios K, Prasath V, Seal SM, Duncan MD, Sakran JV, Habibi M. Irrigation Versus Suction in Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Complicated Appendicitis: A Meta-analysis. The Journal of surgical research. 2019;235:237-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.10.005
Athanasiou CD, Robinson J, Yiasemidou M, Lockwood S, Markides GA. Laparoscopic vs open approach for transverse colon cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis of short and long term outcomes. International journal of surgery. 2017;41:78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.050
Mui LM, Ng CS, Wong SK, Lam YH, Fung TM, Fok KL, Chung SS, Ng EK. Optimum duration of prophylactic antibiotics in acute non-perforated appendicitis. ANZ journal of surgery. 2005;75(6):425-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03397.x
van den Boom AL, de Wijkerslooth EML, Wijnhoven BPL. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Postoperative Antibiotics for Patients with a Complex Appendicitis. Digestive surgery. 2020;37(2):101-110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000497482
Cho J, Park I, Lee D, Sung K, Baek J, Lee J. Antimicrobial treatment after laparoscopic appendectomy for preventing a post-operative intraabdominal abscess: A Prospective Cohort Study of 1817 patients. International journal of surgery. 2016;27:142-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.01.069
McGillen PK, Drake FT, Vallejo A, Brahmbhatt TS, Sanchez SE. Retrospective Analysis of Post-Operative Antibiotics in Complicated Appendicitis. Surgical infections. 2019;20(5):359-366. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2018.223
Saar S, Mihnovitš V, Lustenberger T, Rauk M, Noor EH, Lipping E, Isand KG, Lepp J, Lomp A, Lepner U, Talving P. Twenty-four hour versus extended antibiotic administration after surgery in complicated appendicitis: A randomized controlled trial. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2019;86(1):36-42. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000002086
Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, Rotstein OD, Duane TM, Evans HL, Cook CH, O’Neill PJ, Mazuski JE, Askari R, Wilson MA, Napolitano LM, Namias N, Miller PR, Dellinger EP, Watson CM, Coimbra R, Dent DL, Lowry SF, Cocanour CS, West MA, Banton KL, Cheadle WG, Lipsett PA, Guidry CA, Popovsky K; STOP-IT Trial Investigators. Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 25;:null]. The New England journal of medicine. 2015;372(21):1996-2005. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411162
O’Malley RB, Revels JW. Imaging of Abdominal Postoperative Complications. Radiologic clinics of North America. 2020;58(1):73-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2019.08.007
Seidel D, Bunse J. Der postoperative Wundinfekt: Diagnose, Klassifikation und Behandlung [Postoperative wound infections: Diagnosis, classification and treatment]. Der Chirurg. 2017;88(5):385-394. (In Germ.) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-017-0368-5
Young PY, Khadaroo RG. Surgical site infections. The Surgical clinics of North America. 2014;94(6):1245-1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2014.08.008
Roberts BW. CT-guided Intra-abdominal Abscess Drainage. Radiologic technology. 2015;87(2):187CT-7.
Shavrina NV, Ermolov AS, Yartsev PA, Kirsanov II, Khamidova LT, Oleynik MG, Tarasov SA. Ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal abscesses. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2019.11:29-36. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia201911129
Ugarte-Sierra B, Landaluce-Olavarria A, Cabrera-Serna I, Viñas-Trullen X, Brugiotti C, Ramírez-Rodríguez JM, Arroyo A. Enhanced Recovery After Emergency Surgery: Utopia or Reality? Rehabilitación multimodal en cirugía de urgencias: ¿utopía o realidad? Cirugía Española. 2021;99(4):258-266. (In Engl., Span.) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ciresp.2020.04.017
de Jonge J, Bolmers MDM, Musters GD, van Rossem CC, Bemelman WA, van Geloven AAW. Predictors for interval appendectomy in non-operatively treated complicated appendicitis. International journal of colorectal disease. 2019;34(7):1325-1332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-019-03303-4
Mällinen J, Rautio T, Grönroos J, Rantanen T, Nordström P, Savolainen H, Ohtonen P, Hurme S, Salminen P. Risk of Appendiceal Neoplasm in Periappendicular Abscess in Patients Treated With Interval Appendectomy vs Follow-up With Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 1-Year Outcomes of the Peri-Appendicitis Acuta Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA surgery. 2019;154(3):200-207. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2018.4373
Renteria O, Shahid Z, Huerta S. Outcomes of appendectomy in elderly veteran patients. Surgery. 2018;164(3):460-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2018.04.027
Darwazeh G, Cunningham SC, Kowdley GC. A Systematic Review of Perforated Appendicitis and Phlegmon: Interval Appendectomy or Wait-and-See? The American surgeon. 2016;82(1):11-15.
Hall NJ, Eaton S, Stanton MP, Pierro A, Burge DM; CHINA study collaborators and the Paediatric Surgery Trainees Research Network. Active observation versus interval appendicectomy after successful non-operative treatment of an appendix mass in children (CHINA study): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2017;2(4):253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30243-6
Rushing A, Bugaev N, Jones C, Como JJ, Fox N, Cripps M, Robinson B, Velopulos C, Haut ER, Narayan M. Management of acute appendicitis in adults: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2019;87(1):214-224. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000002270
Cheng HT, Wang YC, Lo HC, Su LT, Soh KS, Tzeng CW, Wu SC, Sung FC, Hsieh CH. Laparoscopic appendectomy versus open appendectomy in pregnancy: a population-based analysis of maternal outcome. Surgical endoscopy. 2015;29(6):1394-1399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-014-3810-5
Chung JC, Cho GS, Shin EJ, Kim HC, Song OP. Clinical outcomes compared between laparoscopic and open appendectomy in pregnant women. Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie. 2013;56(5):341-346. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.022112
Iwamura S, Hashida H, Yoh T, Kitano S, Mizumoto M, Kitamura K, Kondo M, Kobayashi H, Kaihara S, Hosotani R. Laparoscopic appendectomy during the third trimester: Case presentation and literature review. Asian journal of endoscopic surgery. 2018;11(4):413-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/ases.12456
Kwon H, Lee M, Park HS, Yoon SH, Lee CH, Roh JW. Laparoscopic management is feasible for nonobstetric surgical disease in all trimesters of pregnancy. Surgical endoscopy. 2018;32(6):2643-2649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6189-x
Lee SH, Lee JY, Choi YY, Lee JG. Laparoscopic appendectomy versus open appendectomy for suspected appendicitis during pregnancy: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. BMC surgery. 2019;19(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-019-0505-9
Yoo KC, Park JH, Pak KH, Kim KY, Lee BH, Kim BC, Kim JW. Could laparoscopic appendectomy in pregnant women affect obstetric outcomes? A multicenter study. International journal of colorectal disease. 2016;31(8):1475-1481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-016-2584-8
Sazhin AV, Kurtser MA, Konoplyannikov AG, Ivakhov GB, Panin AV, Son DA, Shulyak GD, Serebrennikova YuA. Complicated appendicitis during pregnancy. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2019;(4):15-23. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia201904115
Donkervoort SC, Boerma D. Suspicion of acute appendicitis in the third trimester of pregnancy: pros and cons of a laparoscopic procedure. Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 2011;15(3):379-383. https://doi.org/10.4293/108680811X13125733356837
Shulyak GD. Optimizatsiya diagnosticheskoi i lechebnoi taktiki pri ostrom appenditsite vo vremya beremennosti: dis. … kand. med. nauk. M.; 2019. (In Russ.).