The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-4329
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2026
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Plotnikov M.V.

Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery

Omelchenko A.Yu.

National Medical Research Center

Gorbatykh Yu.N.

National Medical Research Center

Tarasov D.G.

Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery;
Astrakhan State Medical University

Ivantsov S.M.

Meshalkin National Medical Research Center

Soynov I.A.

Meshalkin National Medical Research Center

Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Authors:

Plotnikov M.V., Omelchenko A.Yu., Gorbatykh Yu.N., Tarasov D.G., Ivantsov S.M., Soynov I.A.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2021;14(2): 123‑134

DOI: 10.17116/kardio202114021123

Read: 6359 times

Contact the author
Table of contents

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION

To cite this article:

Plotnikov MV, Omelchenko AYu, Gorbatykh YuN, Tarasov DG, Ivantsov SM, Soynov IA. Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Russian Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2021;14(2):123‑134. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/kardio202114021123

Подписка 2026 Кардиология и сердечно-сосудистая хирургия (Russian Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery)
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Abstract:

This review is devoted to etiology and embryogenesis of total anomalous pulmonary vein connection (TAPVC). There is still no unified theory of TAPVC, whether the pulmonary veins connect to the left atrium independently or through the venous tributaries. Scientists currently support the last theory. Historical issues from the first description of the defect to the first surgical treatment are considered. TAPVC classifications are described depending on anatomical connection of pulmonary veins with systemic veins or right atrium, as well as location of pulmonary vein obstruction. The natural history of TAPVC, as well as structural changes in the pulmonary arteries are described. In this review, much attention is devoted to hemodynamics and symptoms of TAPVC. The authors describe the unique methods of palliative treatment of TAPVC for clinical stabilization of patients and radical correction of the defect. Radical correction is described depending on anatomical connection of pulmonary veins. Mortality and incidence of pulmonary vein stenosis, as well as risk factors of these complications are considered.

Keywords:

total anomalous pulmonary vein connection
conventional biatrial repair
Sutureless procedure
pulmonary vein stenosis

Authors:

Plotnikov M.V.

Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery

Omelchenko A.Yu.

National Medical Research Center

Gorbatykh Yu.N.

National Medical Research Center

Tarasov D.G.

Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery;
Astrakhan State Medical University

Ivantsov S.M.

Meshalkin National Medical Research Center

Soynov I.A.

Meshalkin National Medical Research Center

Received:

04.03.2020

Accepted:

08.07.2020

Close metadata

References:

  1. Bando K, Turrentine MW, Ensing GJ, Sun K, Sharp TG, Sekine Y, Girod DA, Brown JW. Surgical management of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: thirty-year trends. Circulation. 1996;94(suppl):II-12-II-16. 
  2. Lamb RB, Qureshi SA, Wilkinson JL, Arnold R, West MA, Hamilton DI. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: seventeen-year surgical experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;96:368-375. 
  3. Karamlou T, Gurofsky R, Al Sukhni E, Coles JG, Williams WG, Caldarone CA, Van Arsdell GS, McCrindle BW. Factors associated with mortality and reoperation in 377 children with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Circulation. 2007;115:1591-1598.
  4. Kirshbom PM, Flynn TB, Clancy RR, Ittenbach RF, Hartman DM, Paridon SM, Wernovsky G, Spray TL, Gaynor JW. Late neurodevelopmental outcome after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:1091-1097.
  5. Kelle AM, Backer CL, Gossett JG, Kaushal S, Mavroudis C. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: results of surgical repair of 100 patients at a single institution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:1387-1394.e3. 
  6. Seale AN, Uemura H, Webber SA, Partridge J, Roughton M, Ho SY, et al. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: outcome of postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145(5):1255-1262.
  7. Seale AN, Uemura H, Webber SA, Partridge J, Roughton M, Ho SY, et al. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: morphology and outcome from an international population-based study. Circulation. 2010;122(25):2718-1726.
  8. van de Wal HJ, Hamilton DI, Godman MJ, Harinck E, Lacquet LK, van Oort A. Pulmonary venous obstruction following correction for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: a challenge. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1992;6:545-549. 
  9. Hyde JA, Stumper O, Barth MJ, Wright JG, Silove ED, de Giovanni JV, Brawn WJ, Sethia B. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: outcome of surgical correction and management of recurrent venous obstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15:735-740 
  10. Hancock Friesen CL, Zurakowski D, Thiagarajan RR, Forbess JM, del Nido PJ, Mayer JE, Jonas RA. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: an analysis of current management strategies in a single institution. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:596-606. 
  11. Lacour-Gayet F, Zoghbi J, Serraf AE, Belli E, Piot D, Rey C, Marcon F, Bruniaux J, Planche C. Surgical management of progressive pulmonary venous obstruction after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:679-687. 
  12. Caldarone CA, Najm HK, Kadletz M, Smallhorn JF, Freedom RM, Williams WG, Coles JG. Relentless pulmonary vein stenosis after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:1514-1520.
  13. Sano S, Brawn WJ, Mee RB. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;97:886-892. 
  14. Whight CM, Barratt-Boyles B, Calder AL, Neutze J. M, Brandt PWT. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: long-term results following repair in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1978;75:52-63. 
  15. Jenkins KJ, Sanders SP, Orav EJ, Coleman EA, Mayer JE, Colan SD. Individual pulmonary vein size and survival in infants with totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:201-206. 
  16. Haworth SG. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return: prenatal damage to pulmonary vascular bed and extrapulmonary veins. Br Heart J. 1982;48:513-524. 
  17. Goor DA, Yellin A, Frand M, Smolinsky A, Neufeld HN. The operative problem of small left atrium in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: report of 5 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1976;22:245-248. 
  18. Ando M, Takahashi Y, Kikuchi T. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with dysmorphic pulmonary vein: a risk for postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2004;3:557-561. 
  19. Wilson J, XIII. A description of a very unusual formation of the human heart. Phil Trans Roy Soc London. 1798;88:346-356. 
  20. Muller WJ. The surgical treatment of transposition of the pulmonary veins. Ann Surg. 1951;134:683-693. 
  21. Lewis FJ, Varco RL, Taufic M, Niazi SA. Direct vision repair of triatrial heart and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Surg Gynec Obstet. 1956;102:713-720. 
  22. Burroughs JT, Kirklin JW. Complete surgical correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: report of three cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1956;31:182. 
  23. Alexi-Meskhishvili V, Unbehaun A, Hetzer R. Anomalous pulmonary venous connections and congenital defects of the atria, the atrioventricular septum, and the atrioventricular valves. Cardiac Surgery: Operations on the Heart and Great Vessels in Adults and Children. 2017;299-423. 
  24. Dillard DH, Mohri H, Hessel EA II, Anderson HN, Nelson RJ, Crawford EW, et al. Correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infancy utilizing deep hypothermia with total circulatory arrest. Circulation. 1967;35:105. 
  25. Gersony WM, Bowman FO Jr, Steeg CN, Hayes CJ, Jesse MJ, Malm JR. Management of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in early infancy. Circulation. 1971;43:I19. 
  26. Barratt-Boyes BG. Corrective surgery for congenital heart disease in infants with the use of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest techniques. Aust N Z J Surg. 1979;47:737. 
  27. Kao CC, Hsieh CC, Cheng PJ, Chiang CH, Huang SY. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection: From Embryology to a Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnostic Update. J Med Ultrasound. 2017;25(3):130-137. 
  28. Anderson RH, Brown NA, Moorman AFM. Development and structures of the venous pole of the heart. Dev Dyn. 2006;235:2-9. 
  29. Jongbloed MR, Mahtab EA, Blom NA, et al. Development of the cardiac conduction system and the possible relation to predilection sites of arrhythmogenesis. Scientific World Journal. 2008;8:239-269. 
  30. Lucas RV Jr, Anderson RC, Amplatz K, et al. Congenital causes of pulmonary venous obstruction. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1963;10:781-836. 
  31. Neill CA. Development of the pulmonary veins;with reference to the embryology of anomalies of pulmonary venous return. Pediatrics. 1956;18(6):880-887. 
  32. Webb S, Kanani M, Anderson RH, et al. Development of the human pulmonary vein and its incorporation in the morphologically left atrium. Cardiol Young. 2001;11(6):632-642. 
  33. van den Berg G, Moorman AF. Development of the pulmonary vein and the systemic venous sinus: an interactive 3D overview. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22055.
  34. Darling R, Rothney W, Craig J. Total pulmonary venous drainage into the right side of the heart: report of 17 autopsied cases not associated with other major cardiovascular anomalies. Lab Invest. 1957;6:44-55. 
  35. Karamlou T, Gurofsky R, Al Sukhni E, et al. Factors associated with mortality and reoperation in 377 children with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Circulation. 2007;115(12):1591-1598.
  36. Satpathy M, Mishra BR. Clinical diagnosis of congenital heart disease. 2015;(Ch 35):325. 
  37. Fu CM, Wang JK, Lu CW, et al. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: 15 years’ experience of a tertiary care center in Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol. 2012;53(3):164-170. 
  38. Chowdhury UK, Malhotra A, Kothari SS, Reddy SK, Mishra AK, Pradeep KK, et al. A suggested new surgical classification for mixed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Cardiol Young. 2007;17:342-353. 
  39. Tynan M, Behrendt D, Urquhart W. Portal vein catheterization and selective angiography in diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Br Heart J. 1974;36:115. 
  40. Kawashima Y, Matsuda H, Nakano S, Miyamoto IC, Fujino M, Kozaka T, et al. Tree-shaped pulmonary veins in intracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Ann Thorac Surg. 1977;23:436. 
  41. Wyttenbach M, Carrel T, Schupbach P, Tschappeler H, Triller J. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the portal vein. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1996;19:113. 
  42. Grosse-Wortmann L, Friedberg MK. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Bilateral vertical veins from a common confluence in supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Circulation. 2008;118:e103-4. 
  43. Seo JW, Lee HJ, Choi JY, Choi YH, Lee JR. Pulmonary veins in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with obstruction: demonstration using silicone rubber casts. Pediatr Pathol. 1991;11:711. 
  44. Prasad D, Strainic JP, Pandya K, Kouretas PC, Ashwath RC. Venous Myocardial Infarction in an Infant with Obstructed Totally Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage and Coronary Sinus Ostial Atresia. Tex Heart Inst J. 2016;43(5):430-432. 
  45. Aluja Jaramillo F, Hernandez C, Garzón JP, Sánchez Herrera AP, Velasco Morales ML. Infracardiac type total anomalous pulmonary venous return with obstruction and dilatation of portal vein. Radiol Case Rep. 2017;12(2):229-232. 
  46. Lo Rito M, Gazzaz T, Wilder T, Saedi A, Chetan D, Van Arsdell GS, Caldarone CA, Yoo SJ, Honjo O. Repair Type Influences Mode of Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100(2):654-662. 
  47. Yilmazer MM, Mese T, Tavli V, Oner T, Güven B, Demirpençe S, Alayunt EA. Infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with unusual presentation. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77(7):813-814. 
  48. Yang PK, Chang CI, Lee CC, Lin MW, Shih JC. Cor triatriatum sinister presenting in the fetus: beware of association with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;45(5):622-624. 
  49. Byard RW, Gilbert JD. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection : Autopsy considerations. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2005;1(3):215-220. 
  50. Gathman GE, Nadas AS. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: clinical and physiologic observations of 75 pediatric patients. Circulation. 1970;42:143. 
  51. Smith B, Thomas RF, Newton WA. Jr Total anomalous pulmonary venous return: diagnostic criteria and a new classification. Am J Dis Child. 1961;101:37-40. 
  52. Herlong JR, Jaggers JJ, Ungerleider RM. Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: pulmonary venous anomalies. Review Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(4 suppl):56-69. 
  53. Haworth SG, Reid L. Structural study of pulmonary circulation and of heart in total anomalous pulmonary venous return in early infancy. Br Heart J. 1977;39:80. 
  54. Soynov I, Kulyabin Y, Gorbatykh A, Zubritskiy A, Kornilov I, Nichay N, Omelchenko A, Voitov A. Stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract after late thrombosis of a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in an infant with tetralogy of Fallot and right pulmonary artery agenesis. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology. 2018;49:71-73. 
  55. Vanderlaan RD, Caldarone CA. Surgical Approaches to Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2018;21:83-91. 
  56. Grosse-Wortmann L, Al-Otay A, Goo HW, et al. Anatomical and functional evaluation of pulmonary veins in children by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:993-1002.
  57. Valsangiacomo ER, Levasseur S, McCrindle BW, et al. Contrastenhanced MR angiography of pulmonary venous abnormalities in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33:92-98. 
  58. Acevedo JM, Lee S, Gotteiner N1, Lay AS, Patel A. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC): A familial cluster of 3 siblings. Echocardiography. 2017;34(10):1531-1535.
  59. Kirshborn P, Jaggers J, Underleider R. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. In: Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 3rd ed, Mavroudis C (Ed), Mosby, Philadelphia. 2003;612. 
  60. Keane JF, Fyler DC. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return. In: Nadas’ Pediatric Cardiology, 2nd, Keane JF, Lock JE, Fyler DC (Eds), Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. 2006;773. 
  61. Hazelrig JB, Turner ME, Blackstone EH. Parametric survival analysis combining longitudinal and cross-sectional-censored and interval-censored data with cooncomitant information. Biometrics. 1982;38:1-15. 
  62. Karamlou T, Gurofsky R, Al Sukhni E, et al. Factors associated with mortality and reoperation in 377 children with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Circulation. 2007;115:1591-1598.
  63. Kyser JP, Bengur AR, Siwik ES. Preoperative palliation of newborn obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection by endovascular stent placement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;67:473-476. 
  64. Lim WK, Leong MC, Samion H. Stenting of vertical vein in an infant with obstructed supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2016;9:183-185. 
  65. Ramakrishnan S, Kothari SS. Preoperative balloon dilatation of obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a neonate. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004;61:128-130. 
  66. Lo-A-Njoe SM, Blom NA, Bökenkamp R, et al. Stenting of the vertical vein in obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous return as rescue procedure in a neonate. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;67:668-670. 
  67. Michel-Behnke I, Luedemann M, Hagel KJ, et al. Serial stent implantation to relieve in-stent stenosis in obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002;23:221-223. 
  68. Chaturvedi RR, Van Arsdell GS, Jacques F, et al. Delayed repair of right atrial isomerism with obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage by hybrid stent insertion between the leftsided atrium and pulmonary venous confluence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144:271-273. 
  69. Sarmast H, Takriti A. A new palliative surgical technique for high risk Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (Sarmast-Takriti shunt). J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;14(1):127. 
  70. Ishino K, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Hetzer R. Preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in newborns with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;7:473-475. 
  71. Stewart DL, Mendoza JC, Winston S, et al. Use of extracorporeal life support in total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. J Perinatol. 1996;16:186-190. 
  72. Meadows J, Marshall AC, Lock JE, et al. A hybrid approach to stabilization and repair of obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a critically ill newborn infant. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:e1-e2. 
  73. Hiramatsu T, Takanashi Y, Imai Y, et al. Atrial septal displacement for repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return into the right atrium. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1110-1114.
  74. Behrendt DM, Aberdeen E, Waterson DJ, et al. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infants. I. Clinical and hemodynamic findings, methods, and results of operation in 37 cases. Circulation. 1972;46:347-356. 
  75. Tucker BL, Lindesmith GG, Stiles QR, et al. The superior approach for correction of the supracardiac type of total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Ann Thorac Surg. 1976;22:374-377. 
  76. Shumacker HB, King H. A modified procedure for complete repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1961;112:763-765. 
  77. Yanagawa B, Alghamdi AA, Dragulescu A, Viola N, Al-Radi OO, Mertens LL, Coles JG, Caldarone CA, Van Arsdell GS. Primary sutureless repair for «simple» total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: midterm results in a single institution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141(6):1346-1354.
  78. Tsang VT, Stark J. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return and cor triatriatum. In: Stark J.F., de Leval M.R., Tsang V.T. (eds): Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects. Ed 3. Chichester, England; JohnWiley & Sons; 2006.
  79. Kotani Y, Chetan D, Zhu J, et al. The natural and surgically modified history of anomalous pulmonary veins from the left lung. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96:1711-1720.
  80. Imoto Y, Kado H, Asou T, et al. Mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:1394-1397.
  81. Cope JT, Banks D, McDaniel NL, et al:.Is vertical vein ligation necessary in repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection? Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64:23-28. 
  82. Cheung YF, Lun KS, Chau AK, et al. Fate of the unligated vertical vein after repair of supracardiac anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41:361-364. 
  83. Caspi J, Pettitt TW, Fontenot EE, et al. The beneficial hemodynamic effects of selective patent vertical vein following repair of obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infants. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:830-834. 
  84. Shah MJ, Shah S, Shankargowda S, et al. L→R shunt: a serious consequence of TAPVC repair without ligation of vertical vein. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:971-973. 
  85. Kumar RN, Dharmapuram AK, Rao IM, et al. The fate of the unligated vertical vein after surgical correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in early infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:615-617. 
  86. Devendran V, Wilson N, Jesudian V. Percutaneous closure of a large unligated vertical vein using the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II after supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) repair. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;34:1976-1978.
  87. Zhu Y, Qi H, Jin Y. Comparison of conventional and primary sutureless surgery for repairing supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;14(1):34. 
  88. Shi G, Zhu Z, Chen J, et al. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: the current management strategies in a pediatric cohort of 768 patients. Circulation. 2017;135:48-58. 
  89. Lodge AJ, Rychik J, Nicolson SC, et al. Improving outcomes in unctional single ventricle and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1688-1695.
  90. Morales DL, Braud BE, Booth JH, et al. Heterotaxy patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous return: improving surgical results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1621-1627.
  91. Kirshbom PM, Myung RJ, Gaynor JW, et al. Preoperative pulmonary venous obstruction affects long-term outcome for survivors of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74. 
  92. Lodge AJ, Rychik J, Nicolson SC, et al. Improving outcomes in functional single ventricle and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1688-1695.
  93. Lo Rito M, Gazzaz T, Wilder TJ, et al. Pulmonary vein stenosis: severity and location predict survival after surgical repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;151:657-666. 
  94. Quinonez LG, Gauvreau K, Borisuk M, et al. Outcomes of surgery for young children with multivessel pulmonary vein stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;150:911-917. 
  95. Najm HK, Caldarone CA, Smallhorn J, et al. A sutureless technique for the relief of pulmonary vein stenosis with the use of in situ pericardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;115:468-470. 
  96. Yun TJ, Coles JG, Konstantinov IE, et al. Conventional and sutureless techniques for management of the pulmonary veins: evolution of indications from postrepair pulmonary vein stenosis to primary pulmonary vein anomalies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:167-174. 
  97. Honjo O, Atlin CR, Hamilton BC, et al. Primary sutureless repair for infants with mixed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:862-868. 
  98. Zhang C, Ou Y, Zhuang J, et al. Comparison of sutureless and conventional techniques to repair total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;28:473-484. 
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.