An enormous number of scientific discoveries and achievements in cardiovascular surgery helped save millions of patients’ lives including those with severe congenital or acquired cardiac pathology, aortic, coronary and peripheral arterial disease. Nevertheless, ischemic heart disease and its complications remain the leading cause of death. Conventional methods of treatment in patients with chronic myocardial or lower limb ischemia such as reconstructive surgery, endovascular procedures or a variety of pharmacology therapies are not always able to provide for a better quality of life or improve clinical outcomes due to the patients’ hostile anatomy, concomitant pathology, advanced stage of the disease etc. Scientists from Russia and all around the world have spent more than 25 years researching new methods of treatment in patients with cardiovascular pathology in cases when the conventional surgical and therapeutic techniques are not able to provide for satisfactory results. Therapeutic angiogenesis based on the major achievements in genetic, molecular and cellular medicine is expected to open new horizons in the treatment of the fore-mentioned patients.