Molecular biomarkers in prediction of neurological outcomes after sudden cardiac arrest

Starostin D.O.; Shkerdina M.I.; Kuzovlev A.N.; Grechko A.V.

doi:https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology202306199

Close metadata

BACKGROUND

Many tools were developed to predict neurological outcomes after sudden circulatory arrest. However, none has absolute predictive value. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 protein are of practical importance.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the most perspective biomarkers used in predicting neurological outcomes after sudden circulatory arrest, their advantages and disadvantages, sensitivity and specificity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We reviewed the eLibrary, PubMed and Scopus databases for the period 2010—2022 and selected 57 articles.

RESULTS

S100B protein is useful for earlier prediction of the outcome after circulatory arrest compared to NSE. As for unfavorable neurological outcome, NSE ≤17 µg/l excludes adverse outcomes with negative predictive value of 92%. Serum S100 concentration within 3.56—16.6 ng/l is an indicator of unfavorable neurological outcomes. Serum GFAP concentration of 0.08 μg/l in 36—60 hours after restoration of spontaneous circulation can be considered as a predictor of adverse neurological outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Modern biomarkers are in demand and promising in intensive care. Glial (glial fibrillar acidic protein, neurofilament light chain protein) and neuronal (serum tau protein, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and others) markers are being studied. Algorithms for predicting the neurological outcomes after sudden circulatory arrest based on qualitative and quantitative analysis of markers of ischemic neuronal damage are being actively developed. Despite long-term history of research of certain markers (S100 protein and NSE), the list of potential biomarkers is updated every year.

Keywords:

biomarkers

neurological outcome

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

post-resuscitation care

Authors:

Starostin D.O.

Negovsky Research Institute of Intensive Care

ORCID: 0000-0002-5069-6080

Shkerdina M.I.

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University

ORCID: 0000-0002-3749-2227

Kuzovlev A.N.

Negovsky Research Institute of Intensive Care

SPIN RSCI: 8648-3771
Scopus AuthorID: 35201397900
ResearcherID: F-6462-2017
ORCID: 0000-0002-5930-0118

Grechko A.V.

Negovsky Research Institute of Intensive Care

ORCID: 0000-0003-3318-796X

Received:

16.02.2023

Accepted:

17.07.2023

Close metadata

References:

Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Delling FN, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Lutsey PL, Mackey JS, Matchar DB, Matsushita K, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, O’Flaherty M, Palaniappan LP, Pandey A, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Ritchey MD, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Shah SH, Spartano NL, Tirschwell DL, Tsao CW, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(12):e67-e492. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558
Birkun AA, Glotov MA. Epidemiological features of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: evidence from particular administrative centre In Russian Federation. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2017;62(2):113-117. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18821/0201-7563-2017-62-2-113-117
Birkun AA, Frolova LP, Buglak GN, Olefirenko SS. Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Republic of Crimea: Analysis of Epidemiology and Practice of Care. Zhurnal imeni N.V. Sklifosovskogo. Neotlozhnaya meditsinskaya pomoshch’. 2020;9(3):338-347. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2020-9-3-338-347
Bragina NV, Markova TG, Gorbachev VI. Post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Anesteziologiya i Reanimatologiya. 2021;(4):140-150. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology2021041140
Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Nolan JP. Prognostication after cardiac arrest. Critical Care. 2018;22(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-2060-7
Belkin AA, Aleksandrova EV, Akhutina TV, Belkin VA, Berdnikovich ES, Bykova VI, Varako NA, Voznyuk IA, Gnedovskaya EV, Grigoryeva VN, Zaytsev OS, Zinchenko YP, Ivanova GE, Ivanova NE, Kovyazina MS, Kondratyev AN, Kondratyeva EA, Kondratyev SA, Krylov VV, Latyshev YA, Lebedinskii KM, Legostaeva LA, Maksakova OA, Martynov MY, Mikadze YuV, Petrikov SS, Petrova MV, Piradov MA, Popugaev KA, Pryanikov IV, Ryabinkina YV, Savin IA, Sergeev DV, Sinkin MV, Skvortsov AA, Skripay EY, Suvorov AY, Suponeva NA, Usachev DY, Fufaeva EV, Shamalov NA, Shchegolev AV, Iazeva EG, Zabolotskikh IB. Chronic Disorders of Consciousness: guidelines of the All-Russian public organization «Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists». Vestnik intensivnoj terapii im. A.I. Saltanova. 2023;3:7-42. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2023-3-7-42
Belkin AA, Suponeva NA, Voznyuk IA, Zaytsev OS, Zampolini M, Ivanova NE, Ivanova GE, Kondratyeva EA, Lubnin AY, Petrova MV, Petrikov SS, Piradov MA, Popugaev KA, Pryanikov IV, Ryabinkina YuV, Savin IA, Sergeev DV, Shchegolev AV, Zabolotskikh IB. Prolonged Disorder of Consciousness — a New Concept in the Evaluation of Chronical Disorders of Consciousness in ICU Patients. A Multi-Disciplinary Concensus. Vestnik intensivnoj terapii im. A.I. Saltanova. 2021;2:7-16. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2021-2-7-16
Steppacher I, Kaps M, Kissler J. Will time heal? A long-term follow-up of severe disorders of consciousness. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2014;1(6):401-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.63
Geocadin RG, Peberdy MA, Lazar RM. Poor survival after cardiac arrest resuscitation: a self-fulfilling prophecy or biologic destiny? Critical Care Medicine. 2012;40(3):979-980. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182410146
Golubev AM, Kuzovlev AN, Antonova VV, Zakharchenko VE, Petrova MV, Grechko AV. Molecular Biomarkers for Prediction of Neurological Outcome after Sudden Circulatory Arrest (Review). Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2018;14(3):68-81. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2018-3-68-81
Dragancea I, Rundgren M, Englund E, Friberg H, Cronberg T. The influence of induced hypothermia and delayed prognostication on the mode of death after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013;84(3):337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.015
Moseby-Knappe M, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Stammet P, Backman S, Blennow K, Dankiewicz J, Friberg H, Hassager C, Horn J, Kjaergaard J, Lilja G, Rylander C, Ullén S, Undén J, Westhall E, Wise MP, Zetterberg H, Nielsen N, Cronberg T. Serum markers of brain injury can predict good neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine. 2021;47(9):984-994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06481-4
Lee JH, Kim YH, Lee JH, Lee DW, Hwang SY, Youn CS, Kim JH, Sim MS, Jeung KW. Combination of neuron-specific enolase measurement and initial neurological examination for the prediction of neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):15067. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94555-0
Negovsky VA, Gurvich AM, Zolotokrylina ES. Postreanimatsionnaya bolezn’. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Meditsina; 1987. (In Russ.).
Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Adrie C, Aibiki M, Berg RA, Böttiger BW, Callaway C, Clark RS, Geocadin RG, Jauch EC, Kern KB, Laurent I, Longstreth WT Jr, Merchant RM, Morley P, Morrison LJ, Nadkarni V, Peberdy MA, Rivers EP, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Sellke FW, Spaulding C, Sunde K, Vanden Hoek T. Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A consensus statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Asia, and the Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa); the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; and the Stroke Council. Circulation. 2008;118(23):2452-2483. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190652
Redant S, De Bels D, Honoré PM. Rationale of Blood Purification in the Post-Resuscitation Syndrome following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Narrative Review. Blood Purification. 2021;50(6):750-757. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510127
Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Böttiger BW, Cariou A, Cronberg T, Friberg H, Genbrugge C, Haywood K, Lilja G, Moulaert VRM, Nikolaou N, Olasveengen TM, Skrifvars MB, Taccone F, Soar J. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Medicine. 2021;47(4):369-421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06368-4
Monk A, Patil S. Infrared pupillometry to help predict neurological outcome for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest: a systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews. 2019;8(1):286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1209-z
Hoiland RL, Ainslie PN, Wellington CL, Cooper J, Stukas S, Thiara S, Foster D, Fergusson NA, Conway EM, Menon DK, Gooderham P, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Griesdale DE, Sekhon MS. Brain Hypoxia Is Associated With Neuroglial Injury in Humans Post-Cardiac Arrest. Circulation Research. 2021;129(5):583-597. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319157
Mestre H, Hablitz LM, Xavier AL, Feng W, Zou W, Pu T, Monai H, Murlidharan G, Castellanos Rivera RM, Simon MJ, Pike MM, Plá V, Du T, Kress BT, Wang X, Plog BA, Thrane AS, Lundgaard I, Abe Y, Yasui M, Thomas JH, Xiao M, Hirase H, Asokan A, Iliff JJ, Nedergaard M. Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain. eLife. 2018;7:e40070. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40070.001
Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, Benveniste H, Vates GE, Deane R, Goldman SA, Nagelhus EA, Nedergaard M. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Science Translational Medicine. 2012:4(147);147ra111. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748
Yang Y, Rosenberg GA. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for stroke. Brain Research. 2015;1623:30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.024
Babkina AS, Baeva AA, Bashirova AR, Blagonravov ML, Golubev AM, Grebenchikov OA, Grechko AV, Ershov AV, Zaharchenko VE, Kuzovlev AN, Muslimov BG, Ostrova IV, Perepelitsa SA, Petrova MV, Romanova OL, Saidov ShH, Silachev DN, Sundukov DV, Telipov IN, Usmanov ESh, Khadzhieva MB, Churilov AA, Shabanov AK, Shevelev OA. Biologicheskie markery povrezhdeniya i regeneratsii tsentral’noj nervnoj sistemy. Monografiya. M.: VTsI; 2021. (In Russ.).
Golubev AM, Grechko AV, Govorukhina MA, Zakharchenko VE, Kuzovlev AN, Petrova MV. Molecular Markers of Hemorrhagic Stroke. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2020;16(3):34-45. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2020-3-34-45
Golubev AM, Grechko AV, Zakharchenko VE, Kanarsky MM, Petrova MV, Borisov IV. Comparative Characterization of Candidate Molecular Markers in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2021;17(5):23-34. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2021-5-23-34
Jakkula P, Reinikainen M, Hästbacka J, Loisa P, Tiainen M, Pettilä V, Toppila J, Lähde M, Bäcklund M, Okkonen M, Bendel S, Birkelund T, Pulkkinen A, Heinonen J, Tikka T, Skrifvars MB; COMACARE study group. Targeting two different levels of both arterial carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: A randomised pilot trial. Intensive Care Medicine. 2018;44(12):2112-2121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5453-9
Eastwood GM, Schneider AG, Suzuki S, Peck L, Young H, Tanaka A, Mårtensson J, Warrillow S, McGuinness S, Parke R, Gilder E, Mccarthy L, Galt P, Taori G, Eliott S, Lamac T, Bailey M, Harley N, Barge D, Hodgson CL, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Pébay A, Conquest A, Archer JS, Bernard S, Stub D, Hart GK, Bellomo R. Targeted therapeutic mild hypercapnia after cardiac arrest: A phase II multi-centre randomised controlled trial (the CCC trial). Resuscitation. 2016;104:83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.03.023
Rundgren M, Cronberg T, Friberg H, Isaksson A. Serum neuron specific enolase — impact of storage and measuring method. BMC Research Notes. 2014;7:726. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-726
Jakkula P, Hästbacka J, Reinikainen M, Pettilä V, Loisa P, Tiainen M, Wilkman E, Bendel S, Birkelund T, Pulkkinen A, Bäcklund M, Heino S, Karlsson S, Kopponen H, Skrifvars MB. Near-infrared spectroscopy after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Critical Care. 2019;23(1):171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2428-3
Gorbachev VI, Bragina NV. Blood-brain barrier from the point of view of anesthesiologist. Review. Part 2. Vestnik intensivnoj terapii im. A.I. Saltanova. 2020;(3):46-55. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2020-3-46-55
Sandroni C, Cavallaro F, Callaway CW, Sanna T, D’Arrigo S, Kuiper M, Della Marca G, Nolan JP. Predictors of poor neurological outcome in adult comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 1: Patients not treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2013;84(10):1310-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.05.013
Sandroni C, Cavallaro F, Callaway CW, D’Arrigo S, Sanna T, Kuiper MA, Biancone M, Della Marca G, Farcomeni A, Nolan JP. Predictors of poor neurological outcome in adult comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: Patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2013;84(10):1324-1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.06.020
Stammet P, Collignon O, Hassager C, Wise MP, Hovdenes J, Åneman A, Horn J, Devaux Y, Erlinge D, Kjaergaard J, Gasche Y, Wanscher M, Cronberg T, Friberg H, Wetterslev J, Pellis T, Kuiper M, Gilson G, Nielsen N; TTM-Trial Investigators. Neuron-Specific Enolase as a Predictor of Death or Poor Neurological Outcome After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Targeted Temperature Management at 33°C and 36°C. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;65(19):2104-2114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.538
Oddo M, Rossetti AO. Early multimodal outcome prediction after cardiac arrest in patients treated with hypothermia. Crit Care Medicine. 2014;42(6):1340-1347. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000211
Streitberger KJ, Leithner C, Wattenberg M, Tonner PH, Hasslacher J, Joannidis M, Pellis T, Di Luca E, Födisch M, Krannich A, Ploner CJ, Storm C. Neuron-Specific Enolase Predicts Poor Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Targeted Temperature Management: A Multicenter Study on 1,053 Patients. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(7):1145-1151. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002335
Vondrakova D, Kruger A, Janotka M, Malek F, Dudkova V, Neuzil P, Ostadal P. Association of neuron-specific enolase values with outcomes in cardiac arrest survivors is dependent on the time of sample collection. Critical Care. 2017;21(1):172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1766-2
Chung-Esaki HM, Mui G, Mlynash M, Eyngorn I, Catabay K, Hirsch KG. The neuron specific enolase (NSE) ratio offers benefits over absolute value thresholds in post-cardiac arrest coma prognosis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2018;57:99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.020
Duez CHV, Grejs AM, Jeppesen AN, Schrøder AD, Søreide E, Nielsen JF, Kirkegaard H.Neuron-specific enolase and S-100b in prolonged targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest: a randomised study. Resuscitation. 2018;122:79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.11.052
Pfeifer R, Franz M, Figulla HR. Hypothermia after cardiac arrest does not affect serum levels of neuron-specific enolase and protein S-100b. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2014;58(9):1093-1100. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12386
Gonzalez LL, Garrie K, Turner MD. Role of S100 proteins in health and disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Cell Research. 2020;1867(6):118677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118677
Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Bielau H, Berndt A, Brisch R, Mawrin C, Keilhoff G, Bogerts B. Evidence for a wide extra-astrocytic distribution of S100B in human brain. BMC Neuroscience. 2007;8:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-8-2
Beloborodova NV, Dmitriyeva IB, Chernevskaya EA. Diagnostic Value of S100B Protein in Critical Conditions. General Reanimatology. 2011;7(6):72. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2011-6-72
Donato R, Cannon BR, Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Hsu K, Weber DJ, Geczy CL.Functions of S100 proteins. Current Molecular Medicine. 2013;13(1):24-57. https://doi.org/10.2174/156652413804486214
Stammet P, Dankiewicz J, Nielsen N, Fays F, Collignon O, Hassager C, Wanscher M, Undèn J, Wetterslev J, Pellis T, Aneman A, Hovdenes J, Wise MP, Gilson G, Erlinge D, Horn J, Cronberg T, Kuiper M, Kjaergaard J, Gasche Y, Devaux Y, Friberg H; Target Temperature Management after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (TTM) trial investigators. Protein S100 as outcome predictor after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and targeted temperature management at 33 °C and 36 °C. Critical Care. 2017;21(1):153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1729-7
Soar J, Berg KM, Andersen LW, Böttiger BW, Cacciola S, Callaway CW, Couper K, Cronberg T, D’Arrigo S, Deakin CD, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Granfeldt A, Hoedemaekers CWE, Holmberg MJ, Hsu CH, Kamps M, Musiol S, Nation KJ, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, O’Neil BJ, Otto Q, de Paiva EF, Parr MJA, Reynolds JC, Sandroni C, Scholefield BR, Skrifvars MB, Wang TL, Wetsch WA, Yeung J, Morley PT, Morrison LJ, Welsford M, Hazinski MF, Nolan JP; Adult Advanced Life Support Collaborators. Adult Advanced Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2020;156:A80-A119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.012
Ok G, Aydın D, Erbüyün K, Gürsoy C, Taneli F, Bilge S, Dinç Horasan G. Neurological outcome after cardiac arrest: a prospective study of the predictive ability of prognostic biomarkers neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100B and procalcitonin. Turkish Journal of Medical Science. 2016;46(5):1459-1468. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1503-64
Helwig K, Seeger F, Hölschermann H, Lischke V, Gerriets T, Niessner M, Foerch C. Elevated Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is associated with poor functional outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Neocritical Care. 2017;27:68-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-016-0371-6
Humaloja J, Lähde M, Ashton NJ, Reinikainen M, Hästbacka J, Jakkula P, Friberg H, Cronberg T, Pettilä V, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Skrifvars MB; COMACARE Study Groups.GFAp and tau protein as predictors of neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A post hoc analysis of the COMACARE trial. Resuscitation. 2022;170:141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.11.033
Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Nielsen N, Blennow K, Dankiewicz J, Friberg H, Lilja G, Insel PS, Rylander C, Stammet P, Aneman A, Hassager C, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Pellis T, Wetterslev J, Wise M, Cronberg T. Serum tau and neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. Annals of Neurology. 2017;82(5):665-675. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25067
Moseby-Knappe M, Mattsson N, Nielsen N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Dankiewicz J, Dragancea I, Friberg H, Lilja G, Insel PS, Rylander C, Westhall E, Kjaergaard J, Wise MP, Hassager C, Kuiper MA, Stammet P, Wanscher MCJ, Wetterslev J, Erlinge D, Horn J, Pellis T, Cronberg T. Serum neurofilament light chain for prognosis of outcome after cardiac arrest. JAMA Neurology. 2019;76(1):64-71. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3223
Wihersaari L, Ashton NJ, Reinikainen M, Jakkula P, Pettilä V, Hästbacka J, Tiainen M, Loisa P, Friberg H, Cronberg T, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Skrifvars MB; COMACARE STUDY GROUP. Neurofilament light as an outcome predictor after cardiac arrest: a post hoc analysis of the COMACARE trial. Intensive Care Medicine. 2021;47(1):39-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06218-9
Rana OR, Schröder JW, Baukloh JK, Saygili E, Mischke K, Schiefer J, Weis J, Marx N, Rassaf T, Kelm M, Shin DI, Meyer C, Saygili E. Neurofilament light chain as an early and sensitive predictor of long-term neurological outcome in patients after cardiac arrest. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013;168(2):1322-1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.016
Kaneko T, Fujita M, Ogino Y, Yamamoto T, Tsuruta R, Kasaoka S. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels predict the neurological outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2017;17(1):111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-017-0545-y
Spaich S, Zelniker T, Endres P, Stiepak J, Uhlmann L, Bekeredjian R, Chorianopoulos E, Giannitsis E, Backs J, Katus HA, Preusch MR. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is an early predictor of mortality in patients with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2016;98:91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.11.012
Pekkarinen PT, Ristagno G, Wilkman E, Masson S, Latini R, Laurikkala J, Bendel S, Ala-Kokko T, Varpula T, Vaahersalo J, Karlsson S, Tiainen M, Mion MM, Plebani M, Pettilä V, Skrifvars MB; FINNRESUSCI Study Group. Procalcitonin and Presepsin as Prognostic Markers After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Shock. 2018;50(4):395-400. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000001087
Shin H, Kim JG, Kim W, Lim TH, Jang BH, Cho Y, Choi KS, Ahn C, Lee J, Na MK. Procalcitonin as a prognostic marker for outcomes in post-cardiac arrest patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2019;138:160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.041
Jang JH, Park WB, Lim YS, Choi JY, Cho JS, Woo JH, Choi WS, Yang HJ, Hyun SY. Combination of S100B and procalcitonin improves prognostic performance compared to either alone in patients with cardiac arrest. Medicine. 2019;98(6):e14496. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014496
Ostrova IV, Golubeva NV, Kuzovlev AN, Golubev AM. Prognostic Value and Therapeutic Potential of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Brain Injuries (Review). General Reanimatology. 2019;15(1):70-86. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2019-1-70-86
Wihersaari L, Reinikainen M, Tiainen M, Bendel S, Kaukonen KM, Vaahersalo J, Romppanen J, Pettilä V, Skrifvars MB; FINNRESUSCI Study Group. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2023;67(7):964-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.14257