The objective of the present work was to study the peculiar features of the structure, blood supply, innervation of the mental bone and the surrounding soft tissues, bony chin formation in phylo- and ontogenesis, as well as the evaluation of the significance of these data for the treatment of the fractures in the mandibular mental region. Material and methods. We undertook the topographic and anatomical investigation of the mandibular mental region. A total of 12 mandibular preparations obtained from aborted fetuses and 4 dead newborn infants were available for the examination to follow up the development of this region. Peculiarities of its blood supply and innervations were elucidated by preparing the subglossal and mental regions of the mandible on eight fixed corpses of the adult subjects. The extraosseous feeding openings on the mandibular glossal surface were detected on the computed tomographic images from 25 patients. Results. Preparation of the mandibles of the fetuses revealed a triangular bone portion of the chin that was located at the vestibular surface, had no bony connection with the mandible body, and could be easily separated from it. We identified this bone as the fetal «mental bone proper». The study of anatomical preparations from human corpses demonstrated bifurcation of the sublingual artery at the level of the mandibular canine teeth with the two branches entering the upper and the lower holes at the chin lingual surface. The computed tomographic images from the patients’ mandibles showed up the upper and lower lingual foramina with the respective canals. It was found that the hypoglossal nerve is a sensitive nerve innervating the skin of the mental region in humans and animals. Conclusion. The peculiar features of the structure and the development of the mandibular mental region account for the complicated character of the bone wound healing process and imply the necessity of its optimization. To address this problem, we recommend osteosynthesis with the use of titanium miniplates and filling up the fissure in the fractured bone with the autogenous platelet concentrate preparation in combination with the osteoconductive materials. In addition, it is desirable to include osteotropic therapy and control over the state of the oral cavity biocenosis in the combined treatment of the fractures in the mandibular mental region.