At present, screening for malignant neoplasms (MNs) is one of the stages of prophylactic medical examination of the population in the Russian Federation. The interaction of a cancer service and a medical prevention service has not been regulated. Therefore, oncologists in the regions of the country are to implement separate anticancer measures. The Chelyabinsk Region launched work in the examination rooms with cytologic screening for MN of the cervix uteri more than 10 years ago; mammography screening for MN of the breast and screening for MN of the prostate are carried out, by determining the level of total prostate-specific antigen. The article analyzes the immediate results of these preventive measures and describes their substantial contribution to the annual increase in the detection of localized MN forms at priority sites without additional financial costs. It shows the importance of population-based cancer registries (including the registers of screening programs) to register actively detected cancer patients, and also to study the immediate and long-term results of screenings. Additional resources, such as preventive fluorography, additional prophylactic medical examination and cytological screening for cervical cancer in antenatal clinics, are defined to identify MNs, including I—II stage ones.