Objective — to estimate overall survival, to evaluate the efficiency of treatment and its side toxic effects, and to clinically assess a change in quality of life in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) during second-line chemotherapy (CT) with cabazitaxel. Material and methods. Forty-five patients with progressive CRPC have received second-line CT with cabazitaxel since 2013. Results. A total of 174 (mean 6.1±1.4) CT cycles were performed. The treatment was discontinued in 24.4% of the patients because of significant myelosuppression. There was a more than 50% reduction in the level of PSA in 60% of the patients and its stabilization in 31.2%. Survival was 14.6 months. One- and two-year survival rates were 33 and 11%, respectively. The clinically important hematological toxicity of cabazitaxel 25 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks with accompanying prednisolone therapy is determined by grade III—IV neutropenia in 11.1% of the cases and grade III—IV leukocytopenia in 6.7%. The non-hematological toxicity was moderate and controlled by etiotropic and symptomatic therapy. Grade III—IV hepatic toxicity was observed in 6.7% of the cases. Conclusion. Cabazitaxel CT determines the monotherapeutic approach that may improve compliance and excludes the addition of other cytotoxic agents. Cabazitaxel is currently the most studied and available second-line chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of CRPC and the choice of drug for second-line CT.