One of the areas of contemporary models of national health care system is providing access to quality high-tech medical care to population throughout the Russian Federation. The most effective and comprehensive tool for realization of this direction in the field of laboratory diagnostics is the centralization of laboratory analysis, which is the concentration of laboratory studies in large laboratory and diagnostic centers. Centralization of laboratory analysis should be conducted taking into account three critical aspects: medical expediency, the territorial characteristics and institutional capacities, economic efficiency. Given the geographical, social, financial, and material particularities of different territorial-administrative units of Russia, it is impossible to create a single universal model of laboratory diagnosis for all regions. The basis of centralization of laboratory analysis in each region should be a regional concept of centralization of laboratory analysis, developed on the basis of a single medical expediency, with consideration of regional characteristics, institutional and financial capacity of the region.