The paper analyzes the data of the Federal State Statistics Service on early neonatal mortality in the Russian Federation as a whole and its federal districts in 2010. There was a steady decline (ranging from 6.52 to 2.75‰) in the mean early neonatal mortality rates in the Russian Federation in 2000-2010. In 2010, there were low, moderate, and high early neonatal mortality rates in 59 (71.1%), 20 (24.1%), 4 (4.8%) federal subjects, respectively. Most neonatal deaths were noted within the first 24 hours of life. According to the Federal State Statistics Service data, the commonest cause of early neonatal death in Russia is respiratory distress (103.2 deaths per 100,000 live births), hyaline membrane disease in particular. Among the causes of neonatal death, maternal diseases unrelated to pregnancy are indicated most commonly (in 22.7% of cases).