The paper considers problems in the improvement of medical prevention within primary health care and a prospect for introducing the practice of modifying behavioral risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases in health centers, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and sanatoria. It discusses a new model to organize and conduct a clinical examination of an adult population and shows the significance and role of medical prevention units and rooms in these processes. There are results of a pilot project to test the proposed model to follow-up the adult population in 5 polyclinics of the Moscow Region. To improve the prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases in the health care facilities is stated to be a multidimensional problem whose solution is to overcome not only the organizational and resource barriers, but also the most formidable paradigms of medical care as a whole, which have traditionally established in the mind of every medical worker, i.e. is to rethink and mold healthcare ideology and to understand not only the importance of medical preventive functions, but their specific features and fundamental differences from a traditional, mainly therapeutic and diagnostic intervention. Only these conditions will be able to overcome declaration of the preventive orientation of the Russian health care system and to adopt a prophylaxis paradigm in daily practice.