Основные положения клинических рекомендаций по тактике ведения больных с обмороками рабочей группы Американской коллегии кардиологов, Американского общества кардиологов и Американского общества аритмологов. Часть 1

Прочитано: 574 раза

Как цитировать:

Основные положения клинических рекомендаций по тактике ведения больных с обмороками рабочей группы Американской коллегии кардиологов, Американского общества кардиологов и Американского общества аритмологов. Часть 1. Доказательная кардиология (электронная версия). 2017;10(4):26‑41.
. Evidence-based Cardiology. 2017;10(4):26‑41. (In Russ.)

Цель данных рекомендаций состоит в следующем:

— Дать определение обморока как симптома, который имеет различные причины, развивается в различных популяциях и условиях.

— Предоставить рекомендации по тактике обследования и лечения больных с предполагаемым обмороком в разных клинических ситуациях, с учетом определенных причин или условий его развития.

— Установить определенные недостатки знаний об обмороке для того, чтобы стимулировать совместные возможности и усилия для проведения исследований в этой области.

Результаты исследований свидетельствуют о том, что распространенность обмороков может достигать 41%, а их рецидивирование 13,5% [15]. По данным одномоментного обсервационного исследования, в которое были включены 1925 случайно отобранных жителей округа Олмстед, штат Миннесота, США (средний возраст 62 года и все старше 45 лет), 364 участника сообщили о развитии обморока в течение жизни; рассчитанная распространенность обморока составила 19%. У женщин распространенность обморока была выше, чем у мужчин (22 и 15% соответственно; p<0,001) [16]. Частота развития имеет тримодальное распределение у мужчин и женщин с развитием первого эпизода обычно в возрасте около 20, 60 или 80 лет; причем третье пиковое увеличение частоты у мужчин отмечается на 5—7 лет раньше, чем у женщин [17]. К прогностическим факторам развития повторных обмороков у пожилых лиц относят аортальный стеноз, нарушение функции почек, атриовентрикулярную блокаду или блокаду левой ножки пучка Гиса, мужской пол, хроническую обструктивную болезнь легких, сердечную недостаточность, более пожилой возраст и прием препаратов, которые могут вызвать развитие ортостатической артериальной гипертонии (ОАГ) [17]. Имеются данные о том, что резкое увеличение частоты развития обморока отмечается у лиц старше 70 лет [7]. Наиболее частым типом обморока считается рефлекторный (21% случаев), а также обморок, обусловленный заболеванием сердца (9% случаев) и ОАГ (9% случаев); причем в 37% случаев причина обморока остается неустановленной [7]. Обмороки развиваются у 12—14% больных с сердечной недостаточностью, относящейся к III–IV функциональному классу по классификации NYHA (New York Heart Association) [18, 19].

У пожилых лиц имеется более высокий риск госпитализации и смерти, которые связаны с обмороком. По данным исследования National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, зарегистрировано 6,7 млн обращений в отделения неотложной помощи по поводу обморока, что составило 0,77% от всех больных, обратившихся в такие отделения. Причем в подгруппе больных старше 80 лет, обратившихся по поводу обморока, 58% были госпитализированы [20]. По данным многих исследований, выполненных как в академических центрах, так и общественных медицинских учреждениях [21—27], распространенность обморока как симптома, с которым больной был доставлен в отделение неотложной помощи, составляла от 0,8 до 2,4%.

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